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Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Sabrina da Silva Sabo, Elías Figueroa Villalobos, Anna Carolina Meireles Piazentin, André Moreni Lopes, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
Salinas et al. (2005) indicated that the combination of two bacteria (L. delbrueckii lactis and Bacillus subtilis activated or inactivated) may be more effective and more consistent than a single probiotic. In Nile tilapia, when administering a diet containing Bacillus subtilis and L. acidophilus, a significant increase in immune responses and resistance to certain diseases was observed (Aly et al. 2008). In gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), the administration of two inactivated bacteria of the family Vibrionaceae had a positive synergistic effect. In addition, a combination of four bacteria was reported in the diet of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Irianto and Austin 2002). Therefore, mixed cultures may contain bacteria that complement each other and that can modulate differently the immune response of the host (Dimitroglou et al. 2011).
Bacteria Causing Gastrointestinal Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
B. Vinoth, M. Krishna Raja, B. Agieshkumar
Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacilli belonging to the family Vibrionaceae. It is highly lethal opportunistic organism affecting patients who are immunocompromised and those with chronic liver disease. In the United States, V. vulnificus is a leading cause of seafood-associated fatality. According to the CDC, there were about 96 cases of V. vulnificus infection with a 91% hospitalization rate and mortality rate of 34.8% (Scallan et al. 2011). They are acquired by ingestion of raw seafoods causing gastroenteritis and skin infections requiring amputations. Septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis are the common complications leading to high fatality. Special culture medium is needed for isolation of these organisms. According to the CDC, doxycycline and ceftazidime are the drugs of choice in adults, and septran and an aminoglycoside in children. However, the final decision on selection of the antibiotic should be based on the local susceptibility pattern.
Vibrio
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Belonging taxonomically to the family Vibrionaceae (which includes three genera: Vibrio [Genus I], Photobacterium [Genus II], and Salinivibrio [Genus III]), order Vibrionales, class Gammaproteobacteria, domain Bacteria, the genus Vibrio comprises more than 70 recognized species. Of these, V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus are common human foodborne pathogens, while V. alginolyticus, V. fluvialis, V. furnissii, V. metchnikovii, and V. hollisae are occasionally involved in human infections. Additionally, V. anguillarum, V. salmonicida, and V. harveyi are important pathogens in aquaculture.
Tryptanthrin, a potential biofilm inhibitor against toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, modulating the global quorum sensing regulator, LuxO
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Lekshmi Narendrakumar, Mary Theresa, Sivakumar Krishnankutty Chandrika, Sabu Thomas
Cholera still creates mayhem in developing and under developed countries with high case fatality rates soring to 1.8% compared to 0.8% in previous years. The major apprehension of clinicians and researchers is the increase in MDR V. cholerae strains reported worldwide. The ability of the pathogen to form biofilm like microcolonies, which are very resistant to antibiotics in vivo during infection, adds to their concern as these increase the amount of hypervirulent V. cholerae released by the patient, which in turn increases the transmissibility of the disease. A superlative approach would be an anti-virulent approach without interfering with the survival of the bacteria in combination with lower concentrations of antibiotics. In the present study, the authors demonstrate the anti-biofilm activity of tryptanthrin, a well characterized commercially available phytochemical, abundantly found in traditional medicinal plants of developing countries modulating the global biofilm regulatory molecule LuxO. Molecular docking and MD simulations show that the π-π stacking of aromatic rings, and hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding are the major interactions that stabilise tryptanthrin in the binding pocket of LuxO and thus they might represent attractive scaffolds for developing novel anti-biofilm agents. The compound was shown to be non-toxigenic, non-haemolytic and showed synergistic activity in combination with ciprofloxacin, a commonly used quinolone antibiotic to treat cholera. A detailed investigation on its anti-biofilm activity on other pathogens from the family Vibrionaceae and in vivo efficacy analysis need to be investigated, which would help in the development of a potent therapeutic intervention against Vibrio infections.