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Artemisia Species
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Suroowan Shanoo, Jugreet B. Sharmeen, Mahomoodally M. Fawzi
Clinical studies conducted on the plant have demonstrated that it is a good antiparasitic agent and reduces the number of Toxocara cati or Toxocara canis eggs in rat feces (Tariq et al. 2009). It is also lethal against Trichinella spiralis, and hence offers protection against roundworm infection, as shown in a study conducted on rats. It protects the liver and restores the potential of its enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. It may also be of benefit in Crohn’s disease and against yeast infection (Omer et al. 2007, Juteau et al. 2003).
Toxoplasma
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Fernanda Silva de Souza, Renato Augusto DaMatta
The sexual cycle occurs exclusively in felids.12 This was demonstrated by tissue cysts infection of felines, mammals, and birds. Only felines shed oocysts in feces.15 The first study that associated T. gondii infection with feces of cats was done by Hutchison in 1965.49 A mixed infection with T. gondii and the nematode Toxocara cati was performed in cats. The feces eliminated by these cats were processed and only nematode eggs were observed. The collected feces were used to infect other cats, resulting in new contaminations with both diseases. Because only nematode eggs were found in the cat feces, it was suggested that T. gondii was possibly transmitted associated with them.49 Further studies by Frenkel et al.50 established the life cycle of T. gondii and discarded the association with T. cat. They performed the mixed infection, but identified and isolated T. gondii oocysts differentiating it from T. cati eggs.50,51
Posterior uveitis
Published in Gwyn Samuel Williams, Mark Westcott, Carlos Pavesio, Bushra Thajudeen, Practical Uveitis, 2017
Gwyn Samuel Williams, Mark Westcott
Where toxoplasmosis is a cat-borne disease, toxocariasis is spread by dogs. Toxocara canis is a nematode worm that is thought to infect the vast majority of household pups. There is in fact a cat variety called Toxocara cati although this is far less important from a human infection perspective. The adult worm lives in the gut of infected dogs happily passing eggs into the faeces which, due to the canine habit of eating faeces, then infects another dog. The eggs after ingestion develop into larvae and pass through the gut wall into the circulation and hence in the blood to the dog's lungs, where they are coughed up and swallowed. These then grow into adult worms and further their own species’ existence by passing new eggs into the faeces for other dogs to get infected. Humans are accidental hosts and almost always get infected by coming into contact with dog faeces, either through accidental contamination or the horrible habit some children have of eating soil. For this reason, as well as an increased natural susceptibility, very young children form the biggest group of people with primary Toxocara canis infection, although the sequelae last a lifetime. It is for this reason there are signs in parks warning dog owners to take their dogs’ faeces home with them because ‘dog waste can cause blindness’.
Hypopyon: Is-it Infective or Noninfective?
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Imen Ksiaa, Nesrine Abroug, Anis Mahmoud, Hager Ben Amor, Sonia Attia, Sana Khochtali, Moncef Khairallah
Toxocariasis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis caused by accidental ingestion of infective eggs and tissue invasion of second-stage Toxocara cati or canis larvae.50–52 Ocular toxocariasis usually affects children and young adults, and most cases are unilateral. Its clinical presentations include posterior pole granuloma, peripheral granuloma, chronic endophthalmitis, and atypical presentations. Hypopyon usually occurs with the endophthalmitic form.50–52 A relatively quiet anterior chamber concomitant to the hypopyon is not uncommon, and this contrasts with other causes of hypopyon uveitis.1,50,51 The main differential diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis with hypopyon in children is retinoblastoma. Diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis can be carried out by the conjunction of patient’s history, ocular findings, and the detection of specific antibodies in serum using ELISA. In selected cases with a negative serum ELISA, performing ELISA or PCR on aqueous or vitreous samples can prove to be diagnostic.53,54
Clinical Profile, Treatment, and Visual Outcome of Ocular Toxocara in a Tertiary Eye Care Centre
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Ekta S. Sahu, Bikramjit Pal, Tarun Sharma, Jyotirmay Biswas
Toxocara represents one of the well-recognized helminthic zoonosis in human caused by the larva of dog nematode Toxocara canis or less frequently by the cat nematode Toxocara cati. The natural hosts are dogs or cats, and human transmission is through accidental ingestion of contaminated food or geophagia and contact with infected puppies. Toxocara larva migrate into the posterior segment through blood vessels in the circulatory system and incite immune reaction, resulting in a wide spectrum of presentation.1,2 The first reported cases were in children in 1950.3 Ocular toxocariasis is considered a disease of young children but recent reports from Japanese and Korean populations4,5 have highlighted a high prevalence of ocular toxocariasis in east Asian’s adult males.6–8 The disease is usually diagnosed clinically by characteristic ocular manifestations and is confirmed serologically. However, the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis remains presumptive and the treatment approach using corticosteroids and anthelmintics is unclear. To the best of our knowledge, there is no detailed epidemiologic study to determine the extent of the disease and little is known about the epidemiologic, demographic, and clinical features of ocular toxocariasis among the Indian population. To gain a better understanding of presentation of the disease and visual outcome, we reviewed the database of diagnosed ocular toxocariasis patients at our center, by a chart review.
Differential Diagnosis of Vitritis in Adult Patients
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Sarah Touhami, Mathilde Leclercq, Dinu Stanescu-Segall, Valérie Touitou, Bahram Bodaghi
In unilateral IU cases, ocular toxocariasis should be considered, especially in children with reported contact with dogs. The disease is usually caused by Toxocara Canis, less frequently by Toxocara Cati. It may be difficult to ascertain the presence of peripheral toxocara granuloma when they are located anteriorly. An additional difficulty resides in the fact that it may be difficult to distinguish toxocara granuloma from snowbanking. Contact funduscopies along with ultrasound biomicroscopies may be helpful adjuncts for the clinical diagnosis in these situations. Diagnosis is usually made by means of serology (ELISA) in the blood or western blot analysis on anterior chamber tap material or vitreous specimens.66