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Toxocara
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The genus Toxocara covers a large group of parasitic nematodes of carnivores with a relatively complex life cycle even though an intermediate host is not involved (see Figure 82.2, and Section 82.3 for details). As accidental host, humans are susceptible to Toxocara infection (toxocariasis, especially Toxocara canis [commonly known as dog roundworm] and Toxocara cati [cat roundworm]) upon ingestion of raw vegetables or meat containing embryonated eggs or larvae, leading to visceral larva migrans (VLM) and other forms of toxocariasis.
The retina, optic nerve and vitreous humour
Published in Mary E. Shaw, Agnes Lee, Ophthalmic Nursing, 2018
Toxocariasis is an infection caused by worms found in the intestines of dogs and cats. The eggs from the worms are found in the faeces, and humans can contract these worms through eating unwashed vegetables that are contaminated with soil containing the eggs.
What makes people ill?
Published in Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt, Bills of Health, 2018
Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt
Complex organisms such as worms and arachnids have adapted themselves to use the human body as their ecological niche. Again, their effects can range from the irritating to the deadly. Some have evolved complex life cycles involving vector (carrier) species. The best-known ecological threat from this source in the UK is the risk of children contracting toxocariasis, a worm infestation, from dog faeces in play areas. Infestation can result in a blind child, however this is fortunately a rare occurrence.
Ocular Toxocariasis: Beyond Typical Patterns through the New Imaging Technologies
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
I Hernanz, A Moll-Udina, Belles V. Llorenç, Civera A. Adan
Treatment with systemic steroids in active OT has been classically suggested.1,8,10,31,32 Etiologic approach with systemic antihelminthic drugs (i.e.: Albendazole 400 mg given twice a day for 7–14 days) is the recommended standard treatment for systemic toxocariasis33,34 in combination with steroids.33,35 Vitrectomy is restricted to cases of retinal complications.36,37 So far, no controlled trials have been performed for OT and there are no data regarding intraocular penetration of systemic antihelminthic drugs.1 On the other hand, treatment with albendazole in inactive cases of OT has not demonstrated to aggravate ocular inflammation as postulated in some reports on the basis that larva death could lead to a boost of intraocular inflammation.1,10 For this reason, the role of antihelmintic agents remains unclear, and treatment should be monitored individually as shown in our case series.
Hypopyon: Is-it Infective or Noninfective?
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Imen Ksiaa, Nesrine Abroug, Anis Mahmoud, Hager Ben Amor, Sonia Attia, Sana Khochtali, Moncef Khairallah
Toxocariasis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis caused by accidental ingestion of infective eggs and tissue invasion of second-stage Toxocara cati or canis larvae.50–52 Ocular toxocariasis usually affects children and young adults, and most cases are unilateral. Its clinical presentations include posterior pole granuloma, peripheral granuloma, chronic endophthalmitis, and atypical presentations. Hypopyon usually occurs with the endophthalmitic form.50–52 A relatively quiet anterior chamber concomitant to the hypopyon is not uncommon, and this contrasts with other causes of hypopyon uveitis.1,50,51 The main differential diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis with hypopyon in children is retinoblastoma. Diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis can be carried out by the conjunction of patient’s history, ocular findings, and the detection of specific antibodies in serum using ELISA. In selected cases with a negative serum ELISA, performing ELISA or PCR on aqueous or vitreous samples can prove to be diagnostic.53,54
Pattern of Childhood Uveitis in Egypt
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2019
Eiman Abd El Latif, Wahib Fayez Goubran, Emad El Din M. El Gemai, Ahmed E. Habib, Ahmed M. Abdelbaki, Hatem Ammar, Mouamen Seleet
Different lines of treatment were used for the study cohort. Topical steroids were needed for 351 children (85%). Systemic immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory therapy (azathioprine, cyclosporine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil), either as monotherapy or in various combinations, was needed for 112 children (27.6%) (36 patients with sarcoidosis, 25 with JIA, 20 with Behçet’s disease, 16 with idiopathic uveitis, 8 with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease, 6 with sympathetic ophthalmia, 2 with SLE, and 1 with juvenile ankylosing spondylitis). Biologic treatment in the form of infliximab was used for three patients with Behçet’s disease and in the form of adalimumab was used for one patient with JIA. Eight patients with multiple sclerosis received beta interferon, two patients underwent plasma exchange, and six patients received methyl prednisolone. Antituberculous treatment was given to 51 patients with tuberculous uveitis. Antibiotics were given to 25 patients with toxoplasmosis. Antihelmithic treatment was given to 12 patients with toxocariasis and to 3 patients with presumed parasitic anterior uveitis. And antiherpetic treatment was given to two patients with herpetic uveitis. Oral prednisolone was used for 162 children, either alone or in combination with either immunosuppressive therapy or with anti-infective therapy.