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Urinary Tract Infections
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus spp. predominantly cause complicated infections and are more commonly isolated in hospitals and long-term care facilities. Corynebacterium urealyticum is an important nosocomial uropathogen associated with indwelling catheters. Staphylococcus saprophyticus tends to cause infection in young women who are sexually active.
The renal system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
Generally bacterial in origin. The most common organisms responsible for urinary tract infection is E. coli. Other bacteria that may cause urinary tract infections include Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas.
Urinary tract infection
Published in Shiv Shanker Pareek, The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the alimentary canal and are transferred from the anus to the urethra during sexual intercourse or through poor personal hygiene. The causative bacterial species are: Escherichia coli (E. coli) – responsible for most UTI cases.Staphylococcus saprophyticus – responsible for up to 15% of cases.Proteus mirabiliis, klebsiella and enterococci – gut flora rarely responsible for UTI.
Revisiting approaches to and considerations for urinalysis and urine culture reflexive testing
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Allison B. Chambliss, Tam T. Van
While several urine and blood biomarkers have been investigated for the diagnosis of UTI, none have yet provided sufficient sensitivity, and urine culture remains the gold standard [23]. UTI can be caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and some yeasts. Specific organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp., Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus have been associated with UTIs [24,25]. Interpreting urine culture results can be challenging not only because urine samples are often contaminated with perineal, vaginal, and periurethral flora, but also because guidelines differ on what is considered significant growth that indicates UTI. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a threshold of ≥50,000 CFU/mL of a single urinary pathogen from urine collected through catheterization or suprapubic aspiration to assess significant bacteriuria in infants and children 2–24 months of age for UTI [26]. The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends using ≥100,000 CFU/mL in voided urine as the threshold for defining true UTI in symptomatic patients [27]. Growth of a relevant organism at lower quantitation (e.g. 1000–10,000 CFU/mL) in urine obtained by straight catheterization may be suggestive of UTI in symptomatic patients, but the clinical significance of this level of growth is less clear in asymptomatic patients [27].
Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Karsten Becker, Anna Both, Samira Weißelberg, Christine Heilmann, Holger Rohde
While CoNS possess in fact fewer virulence properties than S. aureus, the current conditions of modern medicine favor and enable typical opportunistic pathogens such as CoNS to shift the balance between host and ‘guest’ in favor of the microorganism [3]. Concerning CoNS, particularly the increasing use of implanted medical devices in almost all clinical specialties and the growing number of immunocompromising conditions have prepared the ground for CoNS to emerge as important pathogens associated with medical progress. However, there is no such thing as typical CoNS. Quite the contrary, this group covers staphylococcal species with near-S. aureus capabilities such as Staphylococcus lugdunensis, species causing a specific clinical entity (i.e. Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus), various species typically found in association with foreign body-related infections (FBRIs) such as the Staphylococcus epidermidis subgroup members and almost or entirely nonpathogenic commensals (Table 1). Moreover, strain-specific differences in the possession and expression of virulence factors may further blur the assessment and categorization of this group.
Use and quality of point-of-care microscopy, urine culture and susceptibility testing for urinalysis in general practice
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 2022
Ida Kollerup, Anne Kathrine Aagaard Thomsen, Jette Brommann Kornum, Kirsten Inger Paulsen, Lars Bjerrum, Malene Plejdrup Hansen
Every calendar year, six urine samples, with standardised uropathogenic bacteria, were distributed to general practice for examination. The standardised strains were identical for all the participating practices. The strains differed each year but included common uropathogenic bacteria; E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterobacter cloacae. The simulated urine samples included ≥105 bacteria per mL to ensure confluent growth and were delivered in boric acid transport media. Furthermore, the general practice staff was instructed to either refrigerate (maximum 48 h) or examine the samples immediately after arrival.