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Host-Parasite Relationships
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The second most abundant group of bacteria on the skin are Gram-positive cocci. Many of these cocci resemble the pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, but differ in that they do not produce coagulase. Coagulase production is a distinguishing feature used to differentiate pathogenic from nonpathogenic staphylococci. The various commensal micrococci and staphylococci that are present probably prevent colonization of the skin by other potentially pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. The non-pathogenic Gram-positive cocci normally present on the skin are often collectively called Staphylococcus epidermidis. The Gram stain reaction and other attributes of bacteria are described in chapter 15. The pathogenic S. aureus frequently colonizes the nose and perianal region of healthy people. When this occurs in doctors, nurses, and other health personnel, they may infect patients with whom they have contact.
Staphylococcus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Staphylococci (“staphylo,” Greek word for “grape”) are gram-positive, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobes of 0.5–1.5 μm in diameter, which are positive to both catalase and coagulase and negative to oxidase [23]. Under microscopic examination, this organism forms a grape-like cluster. Cells are spherical and can present as single or paired cocci [1]. Staphylococci can tolerate high salt concentration and are resistant to heat. Pathogenic staphylococci such as S. aureus are commonly identified based on the synthesis of coagulase enzyme [23].
Microorganisms
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Ursula Altmeyer, Penelope Redding, Nitish Khanna
There are several species of coagulase negative staphylococci. Most are skin commensals with low pathogenic potential, although they are able to cause indolent infections of intravascular devices and implants. An exception to this is Staphylococcus lugdunensis, which although coagulase negative, produces infections which present clinically much like infections with Staphylococcus aureus.
A cost minimisation analysis comparing oral linezolid and intravenous daptomycin administered via an outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy programme in patients requiring prolonged antibiotic courses
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
There are two independent systematic reviews addressing linezolid usage in prosthetic joint infection. The more recent published by Theil et al. in 2020 examined 16 studies with a total of 372 patients [48]. Notably 46% of the infections were due to resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) which accounted for a large proportion of infections in the local cohort of patients from whom we gathered data (Table 2). Treatment strategies consisted of both implant retention and removal. Overall infection control was achieved in 80%. The other review was published in 2014. There were a total of 293 patients in their analysis and they found cure rates of 79.9% overall, with 94% in patients whom the implant was removed and 69.9% in instances where it was retained [49]. Both analyses concluded that linezolid is a good treatment option for infections of this nature with cure rates comparable to better studied therapies.
Longevity of hand sanitisers on fingers
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2023
Parthasarathi Kalaiselvan, Muhammad Yasir, Ajay Kumar Vijay, Mark DP Willcox, Shyam Tummanapalli
The number of bacteria on fingers was variable, as can be seen in Table 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of microbes isolated from fingers after use of a particular hand sanitiser on the different cross-over occasions, and therefore the data for each hand sanitiser is provided. The effect of each hand sanitiser over time on the number of bacteria isolated from the fingers of the participants is given in Figure 1. All the bacteria that were isolated were identified as coagulase negative staphylococci. All participants were university staff or students, and resumed their normal day-to-day activities after use of the hand wash which consisted mostly (90% of participants) of computer use. As there were two few fungi isolated from fingers for a meaningful statistical analysis, all microbial data were combined. All p values presented are Bonferroni corrected.
Evaluation of fosfomycin combined with vancomycin against vancomycin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Yasser Musa Ibrahim, Wael Mohamed Abu El-Wafa
Selected CoNS isolates were identified to the species level based on their biochemical characteristics. We adopted two identification schemes; Cowan and Steel’s28 and Sah et al.5 The latter scheme was validated by molecular methods involving PCR and sequencing and proved to accurately identify S. epidermidis and other CoNS isolated from clinical materials.5 The identification tests included the fermentation of lactose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, sucrose and trehalose as well as novobiocin sensitivity testing. Production of coagulase and oxidase and haemolytic activity were also tested. All sugar utilization tests were carried out on phenol red broth as described by Sah et al.5 Oxidase test was performed using commercially available oxidase discs (Himedia) according to manufacturer’s recommendations. Haemolytic activity was tested on blood agar base (oxoid) supplemented with 5% of sheep blood.29