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Characteristics, Events, and Stages in Tumorigenesis
Published in Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn, The Elusive Road Towards Effective Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 2023
Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn
MS has become much more relevant in recent times due to an exponential increase in obesity [1000, 1010, 1017]. With a worldwide estimated 1.9 billion cases in 2016, obesity affects all socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnicities and is currently considered a prerequisite for metabolic syndrome [998, 1018]. Being overweight and obese contributes to ~14% of all cancer deaths in men and 20% in women [1010, 1019]. Both directly and indirectly, obesity can promote carcinogenesis [1020]. Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and cancer is generally hypothesized to be primarily a disease of energy metabolism [19, 181, 1021, 1022]. This metabolic phenotype is the basis for using labeled glucose analogues for imaging and has turned into an important diagnostic tool for cancer detection and management [19]. In addition, a growing body of evidence supports a dynamic crosstalk between metabolism and epigenetics where metabolites derived from diets may serve as substrates for transcription factors and mediate epigenetic regulation [1023–1025]. Such evidence suggests tumors can regress with restrictions in nutrient or energy intake, making dietary restriction a potential therapeutic option [19, 1026]. For example, diets capable of reducing glucose (e.g., ketogenic diets) or nonessential amino acids have been documented to interfere with malignancies [1027]. Additionally, the human microbiome has also become a focus for investigations and therapeutic interventions at the intersection of diet and metabolic health [1004, 1028, 1029].
Biochemical Markers in Ophthalmology
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Abdus Samad Ansari, Pirro G. Hysi
Study of the human microbiome gives an insight to how microbial metabolites and other by-products contribute to host biology and may eventually allow us to apply this knowledge to clinical practice, including disease monitoring, screening, and potential therapeutics in the future. As our knowledge regarding the way various microbiotas regulate immune and metabolic homeostasis across the human body increases, several studies have looked at the relationships between ocular disease and the microbiota of the digestive tract, oral cavity, and ocular surface.
Gynecologic Cancers and Lifestyle Medicine
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Nathalie D. McKenzie, Nnamdi I. Gwacham, Sarfraz Ahmad
The human microbiome refers to the microorganisms that live mostly symbiotically within the human host. They can be commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. Human cells have evolved out of certain functions due to the diverse gene products offered to us by the organisms in our body, including the gut, oral cavity, lung, urogenital tract, and skin. It has been estimated there are 3×1013 microbes in the human body, roughly equal to the total number of human somatic cells.60 The composition of the microbiome appears to be individually unique. It is mostly established in early life and plays a very important role in lifelong health.61–65 It is also subject to alterations because of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (Figure 21.2).
The clinical evidence for postbiotics as microbial therapeutics
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Alexis Mosca, Ana Teresa Abreu Y Abreu, Kok Ann Gwee, Gianluca Ianiro, Jan Tack, Thi Viet Ha Nguyen, Colin Hill
The human microbiome is the catalog of all microorganisms inhabiting the human body and their genetic complement.1 When operating optimally, the microbiome plays an important role in human health by supporting protective, metabolic, and immune functions.2 Specifically, the evidence suggests that the relationship between the gut microbiome and intestinal epithelial cells supports mucosal and systemic immunity, neuroendocrine function, and intestinal and extra-intestinal health from infancy to adulthood.3–5 When the microbiome is disrupted, metabolites and toxins are produced and are involved with both intestinal and extraintestinal diseases, including chronic digestive disorders, chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmunity, allergies, and metabolic syndromes.6,7 Microbiome disruption can also influence disease development in distal organs including the brain, liver, lung, and adipose tissue.7
Bacterial extracellular vesicles in biofluids as potential diagnostic biomarkers
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Kar-Yan Su, Jie-Yi Koh Kok, Yie-Wei Chua, Shearn-Dior Ong, Hooi Leng Ser, Priyia Pusparajah, Pui San Saw, Bey Hing Goh, Wai-Leng Lee
On the other hand, the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is colonized by trillions of microorganisms, with bacteria being the largest group releasing microbial EVs. These bacteria usually do not widely disseminate in the body under normal circumstances; however, the discovery of bacterial EVs (BEVs) that move freely throughout the body allows the analysis of systemic bacterial effects in the human body system [4]. These EVs contain mainly bacteria-derived genomes and are defined as lipid-enclosed particles with a similar size to eukaryotic EVs ranging from 20 to 200 nm [5]. Generally, BEVs are composed of virulence factors, glycolipids, proteins, and genetic materials in the form of DNA or RNA from parental bacteria. Furthermore, BEVs also express pathogen-specific antigens derived from lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on their surface [6]. However, other distinct differences between BEVs and eukaryotic EVs are less understood. Extensive research of the human microbiome provides a preliminary biological understanding and medical significance of the microbiome as well as their respective collective genes. Furthermore, associations between various diseases and the microbiome have been identified.
Zooming in on the endometrial factor of recurrent implantation failure
Published in Human Fertility, 2022
Chibuzor Ifenatuoha, Babatunde Okewale
The human microbiome represents the total population of microorganisms (bacteria) with their associated genetic materials found in/on the human body. The physiological composition of the endometrial microbiome in asymptomatic and reproductive-age women include an abundant population of Lactobacillus species and the rest being Gardnerella, Prevotella, Atopobium, and Sneathia (Moreno et al., 2016; Moreno & Franasiak, 2017). A balanced endometrial microbiota state is very essential for facilitating successful reproductive outcomes (Moreno & Simon, 2018). An altered endometrial microbiota resulting in a decrease in the abundance of the Lactobacillus in the endometrial fluid has been linked to adverse reproductive outcomes in patients with RIF irrespectively of whether the endometrium is receptive at the time of embryo transfer (Moreno et al., 2016). A typical scenario of this type of dysbiosis (a pathological shift in the balance of the endometrial flora) was illustrated in a study investigating the endometrial microbiome of infertile patients experiencing RIF or recurrent pregnancy loss, which showed that the microbiome present were majorly bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes (containing the genus Staphylococci, Lactobacilli, Streptococci), Bacteroidetes (containing genus Prevotella), and Proteobacteria (containing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) (Verstraelen et al., 2016). Thus, this implies that the percentage of Lactobacilli could be a predictive tool for either a successful or failed outcome in IVF patients (Moreno et al., 2016).