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Eating Disorders (EDs)
Published in S Paige Hertweck, Maggie L Dwiggins, Clinical Protocols in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2022
Relative energy deficiency in sport, or RED-S (replaced the term “Female athletic triad” in 2007): This term is used to describe athletes impacted by low energy availability, or the amount of energy remaining after exercise that is available for other physiologic functions of the day. Low energy availability leads to menstrual irregularities and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with resultant decreased bone mineral density.
Whole-Body Regulation of Energy Expenditure, Exercise Fuel Selection, and Dietary Recommendations
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
The energy intake of athletes can exceed 50 kcal•kg−1•d−1 and, even then, has been reported to be as much as 7%–19% below total daily expenditure in some individuals, depending on the training phase (event preparation vs. competition) (25). Undereating relative to the exercise training load is more prevalent in women (63) and often results in a decrease in metabolism in order to preserve body energy stores similar to how the body responds to starvation (56). This response prolongs life with starvation, but with intense exercise training leads to many adverse effects, including nutritional deficiencies, secondary amenorrhea, and diminished exercise performance (58). This phenomenon has become known as relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Regular snacking will be needed for many athletes in order to attain an adequate daily energy intake, especially for women. Moreover, interindividual variability is substantial, suggesting that individuals should monitor body composition routinely and adjust food/snack/energy supplement intake to prevent energy imbalance.
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)
Published in Charles Paul Lambert, Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) is a phenomenon that is caused by two factors: reduced energy intake and increased energy output. It occurs in both men and women. It results in reduced exercise performance capabilities, reduced protein synthesis, and altered hormone levels which could lead to, for example, amenorrhea in women. Under the current high-school guidelines of being allowed to lose 1.5% of bodyweight per week during the season it is quite possible that RED-S could happen in high-school and collegiate athletes.
Distribution and risk factors for stress fractures in competitive figure skaters and association with acute fractures
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
Thomas Andrew Naylor, Samuel Naylor
Most stress fractures can be managed non-operatively with prompt diagnosis based on subtle symptoms and activity modification, requiring an awareness of clinical features by skaters and coaches, as well as their treating physicians [2,22,23]. There is a theoretical benefit of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, especially in those skaters who have sustained a fracture of any type [19]. Additionally, athletes and coaches at all levels should be well educated regarding nutrition and risks associated with conditions such as Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) [8,18,20]. This is especially relevant to figure skaters of all genders and disciplines as it is sport in which being lean if so often seen as a competitive advantage, sometimes at the disadvantage of the skater’s overall health [6,24]. Adequate caloric and micronutrient intake to support intensive training should be emphasized to skaters to potentially reduce fracture risk.
Carbohydrate fear, skinfold targets and body image issues: a qualitative analysis of player and stakeholder perceptions of the nutrition culture within elite female soccer
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2022
Samuel J. McHaffie, Carl Langan-Evans, James C. Morehen, Juliette A. Strauss, José L. Areta, Christopher Rosimus, Martin Evans, Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale, Colum J. Cronin, James P. Morton
In recognition of the increasing growth and professionalism of the women’s game (Fédération Internationale de Football Association 2017, 2019; Petty and Pope 2019), there have been multiple calls for a strategic and multidisciplinary research agenda that seeks to improve the health and performance of the female soccer player (Datson et al. 2017; Nassis et al. 2021). Indeed, in a recent audit of research conducted to date, it was demonstrated that the existing research base is not comparable to the men’s game (Okholm Kryger et al. 2021). In terms of potential research priorities, this audit identified that nutrition-related research is less studied when compared with other sub-disciplines of sport and exercise science (Okholm Kryger et al. 2021). Furthermore, the nutritional guidelines that are currently directed to female athletes are based on research primarily conducted on males (Moore et al. 2021). This lack of female specific research is of particular concern given that female athletes are susceptible to chronic low energy availability (LEA) (Heikura et al. 2021), the result of which can manifest as symptoms associated with the female athlete triad or relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) models (Nattiv and Lynch 1994; Mountjoy et al. 2018). In this way, female players may also be susceptible to negative health outcomes such as disordered eating, extreme weight loss, amenorrhea and low bone mineral density (Brown and Knight 2021; Langbein et al. 2021).
Participation in varsity sports, dance, and Greek life associated with menstrual disturbance in a national sample of female college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Traci L. Carson, Vivienne M. Hazzard, Erin Finn, Sarah K. Lipson
Decades of research have identified female athletes as a particularly vulnerable population for menstrual disturbance and AMN, compared to their non-athlete peers34,36. The foundational literature on menstrual disturbance and AMN in young female athletes was from studies focused on female ballet dancers and long distance runners37–45. A study by Doyle-Lucas, Akers, and Davy (2010) reported that 40% of ballet dancers suffered from AMN46. Studies on female distance runners have reported a prevalence of AMN as high as 36–69%47–49. The high prevalence of menstrual disturbance, in addition to related syndromes of low energy availability (EA) and low BMD, have been well documented in female athletes in the Female Athlete Triad (Triad) and the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) frameworks25.