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Marine-Based Carbohydrates as a Valuable Resource for Nutraceuticals and Biotechnological Application
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Rajni Kumari, V. Vivekanand, Nidhi Pareek
Researchers have reported that chitosan also has antifungal activity that inhibits the growth of many phytopathogenic fungus such as Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora infestans (Atia et al., 2005), and Alternaria solani (Saharan et al., 2015) in tomatoes; Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis conidia (gray mold) in cucumber plants (Ben-Shalom et al., 2003); and Penicillium digitatum (green mold) and Penicillium italicum (blue mold) in citrus fruit (Tayel et al., 2016). Earlier studies showed that chitosan reduces mycelial growth, fungal infection, sporangial production, germination of fungi, and release of zoospores. Antifungal activity is also influenced by molecular weight and degree of acetylation of homogenous chitosan, but it varies according to type of fungus; for example, Fusarium oxysporum is influenced by only molecular weight, Alternaria solani is affected by only acetylation degree and no effect of molecular weight, and degree of acetylation is observed on Aspergillus niger (Younes et al., 2014). The suggested mechanism is that chitosan forms a permeable layer over the crop surface, which controls the fungal growth and induces the activation of many defense actions like callus synthesis, chitinase accumulation, inhibitor of protein synthesis, and callus lignification (Bai et al., 1988). Chitosan shows potent fungicidal synergistic activity with fluconazole and is a promising therapy for Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis (Lo et al., 2020).
Envisioning Utilization of Super Grains for Healthcare
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Weaning foods can be prepared from teff with pearl millet and legumes with improved content of protein without affecting the content of nonstarch polysaccharide [75]. Nano-composite films formed from the blend from maize starch granules and amaranth proteins, which interact by disulfide linkage and hydrogen bonding, exhibit superior water uptake, water vapor permeability, mechanical behavior, delayed weight loss, and surface hydrophobicity. Folic acid can be successfully photoprotected by encapsulating in amaranth protein isolate-pullulan fibers formed by electrospinning [170]. Amaranth films exhibit antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium digitatum [44].
Argentinian Wild Plants as Controllers of Fruits Phytopathogenic Fungi
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
María Inés Stegmayer, Norma Hortensia Álvarez, María Alejandra Favaro, Laura Noemí Fernandez, María Eugenia Carrizo, Andrea Guadalupe Reutemann, Marcos Gabriel Derita
Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc, Botrytis cinerea (Pers.: Fr.), and Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey are three of the main phytopathogenic fungi that affect Argentine production of citrus, strawberries, and peaches in fields as well as during harvest and post-harvest stage. The main characteristics, disease cycle, epidemiology, and management of these pathogens will be reviewed below.
Curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles: antipathogenic and antiparasitic activities
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Mahendra Rai, Avinash P. Ingle, Raksha Pandit, Priti Paralikar, Netravati Anasane, Carolina Alves Dos Santos
Curcumin not only possesses antibacterial activity but also exhibits strong antifungal activity. For example, turmeric oil was effectively used in the management of dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum in the guinea pig. The lesions were improved in 2–5 days and finally disappeared after 6–8 days. In another study, turmeric cream containing 6–10% of turmeric oil inhibited the growth of dermatophytic fungi such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum gypseum [23]. Jayaprakasha et al. [24] also reported that turmeric oil exhibited strong in vitro antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, Fusarium moniliforme, and Penicillium digitatum. Moreover, the oil was also found to be effective against yeasts like Malassezia furfur causing superficial skin infection [25]. In addition, turmeric oil showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. musae and Fusarium semitectum which are mainly involved in the spoilage of crops [26]. In some other studies also the ethanolic extract of turmeric was reported to have potential antifungal activity against 29 clinical isolates of dermatophytes [27,28]. The study demonstrated that hexane extract of curcumin showed promising antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, and Erysiphe graminis.
Systems pharmacology approach to investigate the molecular mechanisms of herb Rhodiola rosea L. radix
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Wenjuan Zhang, Ying Huai, Zhiping Miao, Chu Chen, Mohamed Shahen, Siddiq Ur Rahman, Mahmoud Alagawany, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Heping Zhao, Airong Qian
In total, 127 compounds were collected, and the detail information of these compounds was list in Table S1. Due to the oral administration of TCMs, screening the potential active compounds with satisfactory pharmaceutical bioavailability properties to overcome ADME barriers is crucial for drug discovery [45]. By the reliable PreOB in silico model, a total of 56 bioactive compounds were screened out as the potential bioactive compounds, occupying 38.2% (56/145) of the compound database in RRL (Table 1). Among of them, five compounds were converted by intestinal microbes. M05 (Luteolin) is converted into quercetin and baicalein 6-methylether by the intestinal microbes [46], and M06 (α-pinene) is metabolized into α-pinene oxide and several other identified products by microsomes [47]. The biotransformation products of M12 (limonene) are α-terpineol (main metabolite), cis- and trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, neodihydrocarveol, and limonene oxide (minor metabolites) by fungi Penicillium digitatum [48]. M16 (n-pentanol) is able to be biotransformed to 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate [49]. In addition, M55 (β-sitosterol) is converted into three metabolism, including 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, and rostedione and 4-androstene-3, 17-dione [50].