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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
In Western countries, almost exclusively species of the genus Penicillium are used in the ripening processes of different cheese products, dry-fermented sausages, and smoke/dry-cured hams, all of them from animal origin, whereas mold species like Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus and Neurospora are used in Asia in the elaboration of foods of plant origin such as soybeans, rice, and wheat (14). Certain types of cheeses ripened by Penicillium include roquefort, camembert, brie, gorgonzola, and stilton (14, 137–138).
Plant-based Nanomaterials and their Antimicrobial Activity
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Mayuri Napagoda, Priyalatha Madhushanthi, Dharani Wanigasekara, Sanjeeva Witharana
Antimicrobial agents could be considered as one of the most successful types of chemotherapeutic agents in the history of medicine with respect to their role in the control of infectious diseases that save millions of lives (Aminov 2010). Despite the availability of several reports on the use of various kinds of antibiotic agents even before the advent of modern medicine, the discovery of arsphenamine by Paul Ehrlich in 1909 was one significant achievement. Arsphenamine was an arsenic derivative that showed activity against Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis (Durand et al. 2019). The accidental discovery of penicillin in 1928 marked the dawn of a new era in this branch of medicine. After returning from a holiday, Alexander Fleming, who was a bacteriologist at St. Mary’s hospital in London, observed that one of his petri dishes inoculated with Staphylococci and left on a laboratory bench was contaminated with a fungus (Swann 1983). He noticed that the fungal contaminant in the petri dish was suppressing the growth of nearby bacteria. The contaminant fungus was identified as Penicillium notatum, and the antibacterial compound that was produced by this fungus was named “penicillin”. Fleming published his findings in “The British Journal of Experimental Pathology” in 1929 to disclose that penicillin was capable of inhibiting bacterial growth in vitro (Fleming 1929). However, he did not manage to purify or characterize the activity of penicillin. Instead, he thought that it could be useful as a local antiseptic (Aminov 2010).
Skin disorders in AIDS, immunodeficiency, and venereal disease
Published in Rashmi Sarkar, Anupam Das, Sumit Sethi, Concise Dermatology, 2021
Indrashis Podder, Rashmi Sarkar
Dermatophyte infections, including nail infection, become extensive and are difficult to clear. Recurrent candidiasis is often a major problem, especially in the mouth and oropharynx with varied clinical presentations (erosive, membranous, vegetative, and angular cheilitis). Even systemic spread of Candida infection, especially oesophageal involvement (an AIDS-defining criterion), is not uncommon and often a terminal event. Occasionally, it may result in disseminated disease or sepsis, which is characterized by the occurrence of proximal muscle tenderness along with maculopapular rash. Proximal subungual onychomycosis is the characteristic pattern of fungal nail infection in these patients. Pityrosporum ovale may cause extensive pityriasis versicolor, thus resulting in troublesome and persistent truncal folliculitis (Figure 7.1) in some patients and severe seborrhoeic dermatitis in others. Various ‘deep fungal’ infections like histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis have gained prominence, particularly in hot and humid parts of the world. Organisms that do not usually infect humans may sometimes cause problems – such as the Penicillium species. Invasive deep fungal infections have been reported to be one of the major causes of mortality in HIV/AIDS patients, accounting to almost 50% of all AIDS-related deaths globally.
Dysbiotic but nonpathogenic shift in the fecal mycobiota of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Eun Ha Lee, Hyun Kim, Jung Hee Koh, Kwang Hyun Cha, Kiseok Keith Lee, Wan-Uk Kim, Cheol-Ho Pan, Yong-Hwan Lee
Fungi affect the composition of the bacterial community.26–28 A bacterial–fungal interkingdom network analysis showed that F87_Penicillium was the hub OTU in the HC group, while B3_f_Lachnospiraceae was the hub OTU in the RA group (Figure 4). The Penicillium subgenus produces numerous beneficial secondary metabolites, which have antibiotic, antifungal, immunosuppressive, and cholesterol-lowering properties.29 The altered relative abundance of Penicillium was restored in RA patients via treatment with csDMARDs alone (Figure 5a). Lachnospiraceae are reportedly abundant in ACPA-positive patients.19,30 Because 75 (76.5%) of our RA patients were ACPA-positive, we hypothesized that the hub OTU shifted from F87_Penicillium to B3_f_Lachnospiraceae in patients with RA. The difference between RA and HC groups was clearer in the fungal community than in the bacterial community. F1_Candida and F4_Aspergillus were the most differentially abundant fungal genera (Figure 6).
Fungal and mycotoxin occurrence, affecting factors, and prevention in herbal medicines: a review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Jingsheng Yu, Meihua Yang, Jianping Han, Xiaohui Pang
Penicillium genus is one of the most widely distributed storage fungal genera, with 350 recognized species (Perrone and Susca 2017). The contamination of Penicillium in food and herbal medicines has been reported worldwide. In the U.S., a report by Tournas et al. (2013) showed that Penicillium was one of the most common fungal genera in Milk thistle dietary supplements. Żukiewicz-Sobczak et al. (2013) assessed the quantity and quality of dried herbs in Poland, and indicated that Penicillium spp. were dominant at the species level. Chen et al. (2010a) isolated 17 fungal strains from root herbs in China. The results showed that nine out of 17 strains belonged to Penicillium, and all samples were contaminated with OTA. Compared with Aspergillus, a drier condition was more proper for the growth of species in Penicillium. Therefore, the contamination of Penicillium was more common in dried or processed herbal materials. The currently reported contaminated fungi in Penicillium genus include Penicillium steckii, Penicillium capsulatum, Penicillium citrinum, and Penicillium expansum. In conclusion, compared with the contamination of Aspergillus, fewer studies were focused on the contamination of Penicillium in herbal medicines. However, as a result of its prevalence in processed herbal materials and produced mycotoxins (citrinin and patulin), further researches will focus on this genus.
Metabolic and pharmacological profiling of Penicillium claviforme by a combination of experimental and bioinformatic approaches
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Zafar Ali Shah, Khalid Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Tariq Masood, Hassan A. Hemeg, Abdur Rauf
The Penicillium genus is undoubtedly one of the largest and most well-known fungi among the various microbes. Keeping in view the broad pharmacological profile of the genus Penicillium, the aim of the current work was to investigate the complete metabolome of P. claviforme using LCMS-QTOF and GC-MS techniques. In addition, the pharmacological potential (in vivo and in vitro) of P. claviforme was extensively explored as well as an in silico molecular docking investigation, which will aid in the advancement of knowledge about this specie and its family, as well as pharmaceutical industries.