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Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial and Other Beneficial Effects of Allium sativum (Garlic)
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Extract of Allium sativum has also demonstrated encouraging antifungal activities against different infection-causing yeasts. The antimycotic activity of garlic was similar to fluconazole (a reference antifungal drug) (Ankri & Mirelman, 1999; Khodavandi et al., 2011). Correspondingly, Allium sativum extracts have been documented to decrease pathogenic mycotic growth, such as Rhizopus species, Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium and Neofabraea alba (Daniel et al 2015; Danladi & Haruna, 1970) the broad range of antimycotic activities of allicin has also been established against numerous pathogenic plant fungi. Allicin demonstrated favourable antimycotic activities both in vivo and in vitro against some pathogenic plant fungi, e.g. Plectospherella cucumerina, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria brassicicola and Magnaporthe grisea (Curtis et al., 2004; Hahn, 2014; Perelló et al., 2013; Sarfraz et al., 2020).
Patulin
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Alejandro Hernández, Alicia Rodríguez, Santiago Ruiz-Moyano, Francisco Pérez-Nevado, Juan J. Córdoba, Alberto Martín
Postharvest fungicide treatments should be applied according to authorized conditions of use. The systemic fungicides are the primary choice in packinghouses [65]; however, the intense use of these fungicides, such as thiabendazole (chemical class of benzimidazoles), have favored the emergence of resistant strains [129]. A good choice to control benzomidazoles-resistant strains is application of the systemic fungicide imazalil [130], which affects cell membrane functions. However, the regular treatments consist of a mixture of different active substances, such as thiabendazole and imazalil among others. The use of fungicides could not effectively control the development of mycelium of Penicillium expansum, and several studies suggest that the reduction of growth may stimulate the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as patulin [131,132]. However, this fact should not imply an increase of patulin per apple.
Antifungal Activity of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
In the study done by Cosoveanu et al. (2010), the biological activity of the brown algae Alaria esculenta, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus sp. (Bioalgua®), Arthrospiraplatensis (formerly Spirulinaplatensis) (Cyanobacteria), and Ecklonia maxima (as Kelpak®), methanolic extracts was tested in vitro against Fusarium sambucinum var. sambucinum (formerly Fusarium roseum), F. oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, A.dauci, A. longipes, Trichoderma viride, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium expansum. Their potential toxic effects were evaluated on mycelial growth. Results are presented as effective concentration, which inhibits mycelial growth by 50% and 90%. Almost all the algal extracts tested showed antifungal activity as ethanol extracts (Cosoveanu et al. 2010).
Fungal and mycotoxin occurrence, affecting factors, and prevention in herbal medicines: a review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Jingsheng Yu, Meihua Yang, Jianping Han, Xiaohui Pang
Penicillium genus is one of the most widely distributed storage fungal genera, with 350 recognized species (Perrone and Susca 2017). The contamination of Penicillium in food and herbal medicines has been reported worldwide. In the U.S., a report by Tournas et al. (2013) showed that Penicillium was one of the most common fungal genera in Milk thistle dietary supplements. Żukiewicz-Sobczak et al. (2013) assessed the quantity and quality of dried herbs in Poland, and indicated that Penicillium spp. were dominant at the species level. Chen et al. (2010a) isolated 17 fungal strains from root herbs in China. The results showed that nine out of 17 strains belonged to Penicillium, and all samples were contaminated with OTA. Compared with Aspergillus, a drier condition was more proper for the growth of species in Penicillium. Therefore, the contamination of Penicillium was more common in dried or processed herbal materials. The currently reported contaminated fungi in Penicillium genus include Penicillium steckii, Penicillium capsulatum, Penicillium citrinum, and Penicillium expansum. In conclusion, compared with the contamination of Aspergillus, fewer studies were focused on the contamination of Penicillium in herbal medicines. However, as a result of its prevalence in processed herbal materials and produced mycotoxins (citrinin and patulin), further researches will focus on this genus.
Mechanisms of nanotoxicity – biomolecule coronas protect pathological fungi against nanoparticle-based eradication
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Roland H. Stauber, Dana Westmeier, Madita Wandrey, Sven Becker, Dominic Docter, Guo-Bin Ding, Eckhard Thines, Shirley K. Knauer, Svenja Siemer
Furthermore, surprisingly little is known on the crosstalk of NMs with socio-economical highly relevant pests, including viruses, bacteria, or the plethora of (pathogenic) fungi. Besides being crucial to maintaining ecological homeostasis, fungi are associated with a wide spectrum of diseases, highly relevant not only for humans or animals but also for agriculture (Erwig and Gow 2016; Romani 2011; Dean et al. 2012; Westmeier, Solouk-Saram, et al. 2018; Aimanianda et al. 2009). Here, the decay of fruits and vegetables causes major economic losses (Dean et al. 2012). Using chemical fungicides is still the main method for controlling postharvest decay and diseases to date (Dean et al. 2012). However, due to increasing public concern on environmental pollution and food safety by fungicide residues, there is a demand to develop new strategies as alternatives to manage postharvest decay. Among the top ten fungal plant pathogens, Botrytis cinerea is ranked second, by causing gray mold in more than 200 host plant species and is especially destructive to fruits and vegetables (Dean et al. 2012). Infection is initiated by airborne conidia and also fungicide-resistant strains frequently emerge. Likewise, Penicillium expansum causes blue mold rot, a prevalent postharvest disease of many fruits (Dean et al. 2012).
Photodynamic therapy on skin melanoma and epidermoid carcinoma cells using conjugated 5-aminolevulinic acid with microbial synthesised silver nanoparticles
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Aishwarya Shivashankarappa, Konasur Rajesh Sanjay
The antibacterial and antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised by B. licheniformis was performed by well diffusion methods against food borne pathogens Escherichia coli, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus obtained from MTCC, India. The Mueller-Hinton agar plates were prepared and 100 µl of bacterial culture was added into plates and spread uniformly with an L-shape spreader. With the help of a sterile cork borer, wells of 6 mm diameter were made and 30 µl of 1 mM silver nanoparticles were added into different wells. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h and the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was noted. The ZOI was compared with a set of standard antibiotics Ampicillin (A25), Norfloxin (NX10), Trimethoprim (COT25), Ceftazimidime (CA30) and Cephatoxime (CTX30). For antifungal activity, three food borne pathogens Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium expansum were selected. With a sterile loop, the fungal spores were dispersed in 1 ml of sterile distilled water and mixed thoroughly. Potato dextrose agar plates were used for inoculation of Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. Maltose dextrose agar plates were used for inoculation of Penicillium expansum. Fungal spore suspension (100 µl) was added to each plate and spread evenly. Wells of 6 mm diameter were made using a sterile cork borer and 30 µl of 1 mM silver nanoparticles was added to the wells. The plates were incubated at 28 °C for 48–72 h and the ZOI was noted and compared against standard antifungal agent, fluconazole.