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Role of Transport in Chemically-Induced Nephrotoxicity *
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Citrinin, a secondary product of fungal metabolism, has been shown to be nephrotoxic in many species (Berndt and Hayes, 1977; Krogh et al., 1973; Krogh, 1976; Carlton et al., 1973, 1974; Jordan et al., 1977, 1978). The cellular mechanism by which citrinin acts is unknown. Recent unpublished data suggest, however, that a citrinin-glutathione (GSH) conjugate, or a breakdown product, may be the primary toxicant (Ansari et al., unpublished). In these studies renal membrane vesicles isolated from citrinin-treated rats showed reduced basolateral and brush border transport. However, if rats were treated with diethylmaleate (DEM) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to reduce tissue stores of GSH before administration of citrinin, the isolated membrane vesicles showed nearly normal transport capabilities. These data are consistent with earlier observations which demonstrated that citrinin is metabolized (Phillips et al., 1979) and that it depletes renal and hepatic GSH (Berndt et al., 1980). The renal and hepatic GSH depletion was less than 40%, considerably less than for other substances thought to act through GSH depletion, e.g., acetaminophen. In any event, the citrinin metabolite (or metabolites) was not identified in those earlier studies.
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Citrinin is a mycotoxin that is often found in food. Citrinin (50 and 100 μM) inhibited hCG-stimulated testosterone production and downregulated StAR, CYP11A1, and 3β-HSD1 levels via inducing rat Leydig cell apoptosis.276
Antifungal Activity of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
This fungus is known to produce the toxin ochratoxin A, one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins, and citrinin. It also produces the dihydroisocoumarin mellein. It is a filamentous fungus in nature and has characteristic biseriate conidiophores. Traditionally a soil fungus, it has now begun to adapt to varied ecological niches, like agricultural commodities, farmed animals, and marine species. In humans and animals, the consumption of this fungus produces chronic neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, genotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Its airborne spores are one of the potential causes of asthma in children and lung diseases in humans. The pig and chicken populations in the farms are the most affected by this fungus and its mycotoxins (Bennet and Klich 2003).
Mechanisms underlying citrinin-induced toxicity via oxidative stress and apoptosis-mediated by mitochondrial-dependent pathway in SH-SY5Y cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Mahmoud Abudayyak, Ecem Fatma Karaman, Sibel Ozden
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by mold species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Monascus, among others, and is a common contaminant in human foods like cereals, cheese, and sake. It has also been detected in red yeast rice, which is used as a food additive and in the production of wine in Asia (EFSA 2012). Various in vivo and in vitro studies have found CIT to have immunotoxic, reproductive toxic, embryocidal, and foetotoxic effects, causing enlarged kidneys in fetuses and the death of up to half of pregnant dams, reducing mouse oocyte maturation and retarding embryo development by disrupting cytoskeletal dynamics (Hood et al.1976, Gupta et al.1983, Lurá et al.2001, Chan and Shiao, 2007, Chan 2007, Singh et al.2006, 2007, Qingqing et al.2012, Wu et al.2013, 2017). Similar to ochratoxin A (OTA), CIT has been implicated in the development of Balkan endemic nephropathy and nephrotoxicity (Braunberg et al.1994, EFSA 2012, 2020). CIT and OTA have a similar toxicity profile, which suggests that CIT may exert neurotoxic effects similar to those of OTA. Investigating the neurotoxicity of CIT is an important step in elucidating its toxic effects, which have yet to be fully understood.
Impact of red yeast rice supplementation on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Parisa Rahmani, Ebru Melekoglu, Sogand Tavakoli, Nasser Malekpour Alamdari, Pejman Rohani, Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
Our results showed that ≤12-week supplementation of red yeast rice is more effective than >12 weeks treatment. We also wish to stress that the majority of clinical trials had a short treatment period of around 4–12 weeks. The longest follow-up study in the studies selected for our meta-analysis was an average of 4.5 years, and the patients received red yeast rice supplementation of 1200 mg/day [44]. The authors [44] reported that red yeast rice supplementation induced significant reductions in TC (11.3%), LDL-C (21.2%), and TG levels (12.1%), and significant elevation in HDL-C (4.0%) in elderly patients with previous acute myocardial infarction and hypercholesterolemia. They also reported that the red yeast rice supplementation has a beneficial impact on major coronary events and mortalities with a good safety profile in the elderly population [44]. However, further studies with longer follow-up are required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the administration of red yeast rice. One of the most important safety concerns about RYR is citrinin, which can be found as a contaminant in its composition. Citrinin is a nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic metabolite produced during the fermentation of rice with yeast Monascus purpureus [56].
Fungal and mycotoxin occurrence, affecting factors, and prevention in herbal medicines: a review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Jingsheng Yu, Meihua Yang, Jianping Han, Xiaohui Pang
Penicillium genus is one of the most widely distributed storage fungal genera, with 350 recognized species (Perrone and Susca 2017). The contamination of Penicillium in food and herbal medicines has been reported worldwide. In the U.S., a report by Tournas et al. (2013) showed that Penicillium was one of the most common fungal genera in Milk thistle dietary supplements. Żukiewicz-Sobczak et al. (2013) assessed the quantity and quality of dried herbs in Poland, and indicated that Penicillium spp. were dominant at the species level. Chen et al. (2010a) isolated 17 fungal strains from root herbs in China. The results showed that nine out of 17 strains belonged to Penicillium, and all samples were contaminated with OTA. Compared with Aspergillus, a drier condition was more proper for the growth of species in Penicillium. Therefore, the contamination of Penicillium was more common in dried or processed herbal materials. The currently reported contaminated fungi in Penicillium genus include Penicillium steckii, Penicillium capsulatum, Penicillium citrinum, and Penicillium expansum. In conclusion, compared with the contamination of Aspergillus, fewer studies were focused on the contamination of Penicillium in herbal medicines. However, as a result of its prevalence in processed herbal materials and produced mycotoxins (citrinin and patulin), further researches will focus on this genus.