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Muscle Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Kourosh Rezania, Peter Pytel, Betty Soliven
Weakness, fatigue, and/or myalgia secondary to pathologic processes that primarily affect sarcolemma, contractile element, organelles, connective tissue, vasculature, and/or basement membrane.
The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
Toxic levels of lead contamination in men and women undoubtedly result in a high probability of reproductive loss.11 The unraveling of the pathologic processes involved is conjectural only, but an attempt can be made by restricting the possibilities within the range of observed effects in human populations: First trimester human survivals following maternal lead exposure (acute or chronic) provide little evidence for teratogenic effects, based on ShepardV3 definition of a teratogen.Second and third trimester human survivals may show minimal physical and neurological effects when maternal exposure has been short term but after the first trimester.Serious permanent sequelae in the live born result from chronic long term exposure via maternal blood, because of the accumulated body burden of lead during the period of growth and development.
Ventriculomegaly
Published in Amar Bhide, Asma Khalil, Aris T Papageorghiou, Susana Pereira, Shanthi Sairam, Basky Thilaganathan, Problem-Based Obstetric Ultrasound, 2019
Amar Bhide, Asma Khalil, Aris T Papageorghiou, Susana Pereira, Shanthi Sairam, Basky Thilaganathan
When mild or moderate, it may be due to normal variation, but it also represents a common endpoint of various pathologic processes. As the outcome and prognosis depend on the underlying cause, investigations are aimed at determining this.
Absence of TNF Leads to Alternative Activation in Peritoneal Macrophages in Experimental Listeria Monocytogenes Infection
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Xinying Li, Chen Chen, Lianjun Zhang, Xiaomin Cheng, Huiwu Geng, Qiang Ji, Chao Li, Huili Chen, Heinrich Körner, Xiaoying Liu
Macrophages reside in almost all tissues including spleen, lymph nodes, liver and peritoneum (Funes et al. 2018). These cells play an indispensable role in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes, including host defence, acute and chronic inflammation. Macrophages are also essential for the phagocytosis of pathogens, releasing cytokines and effector molecules including nitric oxide (Dutta and Bishayi 2020; Wynn and Vannella 2016). In response to environmental stimuli, macrophages can differentiate into pro-inflammatory classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) or alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) (Gordon and Martinez 2010; Wynn and Vannella 2016). Macrophage polarization has been broadly associated with autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (Funes et al. 2018).
Placental expression of endoglin, placental growth factor, leptin, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in diabetic pregnancy and pre-eclampsia
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Roman V. Kapustin, Ekaterina V. Kopteeva, Elena N. Alekseenkova, Tatyana G. Tral, Gulrukhsor Kh. Tolibova, Olga N. Arzhanova
The placenta reflects various metabolic disorders in the pregnant woman's body. Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress underlie the pathogenesis of DM and negatively affect the mother-placenta-fetus system. This results in changes of morphology and disturbance of production of biologically active substances, the changed expression of which may signal of different pathologic processes [2]. Previously, we have shown that increased expression levels of kisspeptin (KISS1) in pregnant women with DM may play a role in impaired placentation processes and lead to the subsequent development of PE [3]. Placental growth factor (PlGF) and endoglin (Eng) are one of the primary placental function mediators. They exhibit antagonistic effects and are involved in angiogenesis and vascular tone control [2]. Hypoxia-induced factors (HIF and, in particular HIF-1α) during pregnancy act as key mediators of the development and functioning of the placenta by the expression of diverse genes. These genes play a critical role in erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, glycolysis, and glucose transport [4]. Another essential biomarker is leptin which is synthesized, mainly, in the fatty tissue and placenta. It regulates energy metabolism [5]. Excessive leptin enhances the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), affects insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction, underlying the formation of placental ischemia [5].
Kidney stone proteomics: an update and perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Paleerath Peerapen, Visith Thongboonkerd
Proteomics-based identification of the stone matrix proteins along with gene ontology classification using bioinformatics tools indicated that most of the stone matrix proteins were involved in inflammatory processes [64,65]. A very large set of CaOx stone matrix proteins was reported in 2016 by Witzmann et al. [66]. Label-free quantitative proteomics revealed a total of 1,059 proteins that were identified and quantified. These proteins were involved in several pathologic processes, including immune response, inflammation, injury, and tissue repair [66]. Another study performed both top-down and bottom-up approaches to identify the stone matrix proteins from different stone types [67]. There were 142 proteins identified, including 21 from top-down and 133 from bottom-up approaches (note that 12 were overlapped). The main compositions included neutrophil defensin 1, proteins S100-A8 and S100-A9, which were related to inflammatory response [67]. In addition, fractionation of the stone matrix proteins using either strong cation-exchange column [68] or strong anion-exchange column [69] followed by CaOx crystal assays along with proteomics-based protein identification revealed the stone matrix proteins that exhibited anti-lithogenic activities. This approach also revealed seven novel stone matrix proteins that play roles in crystallization inhibition [70].