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Cervical Cancer
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Georgios Imseeh, Alexandra Taylor
CIN precedes virtually every case of invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix. Pre-invasive disease is commonly asymptomatic but may be detected by cytological examination of exfoliated cells. The Pap smear test is named after Greek doctor Georgios Papanicolaou, who developed the technique in 1927. Cells are taken from the transformation zone of the cervix with a spatula and spread on a glass slide. Liquid-based cytology is now the preferred method, where a suspension of cells is produced by shaking the spatula or brush in a transport medium, and a thin layer of the solution is then analyzed. The cells are studied microscopically using the Papanicolaou stain and an assessment made of the size, shape, and mitotic activity of the nuclei and the nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio. On the basis of this assessment, the cells will be reported as being normal, inflammatory, or showing mild atypia, as showing low-grade or high-grade dyskaryosis, or as being characteristic of invasive disease. Those patients with moderate or severe changes require biopsy of the cervix for histological assessment.12
Nanomechanical Analysis of Cells from Cancer Patients
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Sarah E. Cross, Yu-Sheng Jin, Jianyu Rao, James K. Gimzewski
The body cavity fluid samples were collected and processed using a standard protocol in cytology labs for conventional cytological analysis including Papanicolaou stain, Gimsa stain and cellblock preparation. An aliquot of the remaining sample (10 ml) was centrifuged at 500 g for 10 min. Cell pellets were resuspended with MEM-F12 culture medium and incubated for 12 h at 37◦C in 5% CO2 and 95% air. The culture medium was changed immediately before AFM analysis to wash off any dead and untouched cells.
Strongyloidiasis
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
Robert M. Genta, Peter D. Walzer
When hyperinfection or dissemination are suspected, it is important to examine sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens for the presence of S. stercoralis larvae. With the Papanicolaou stain, the larval morphology is well preserved, but their light pinkish-purple color makes the larvae somewhat difficult to find, particularly on bloody specimens. In contrast, on a gramstained preparation, larvae take a dark reddish color, which makes them readily visible; their structures, however, are altered by the high temperature used to prepare the slides. Thus, the combined use of these two staining techniques would allow both easy and accurate identification of the parasites.
Treatment of Epithelial Downgrowth Masquerading as Unilateral Hypopyon Uveitis in a HLA−B27+ Individual
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Mohamed G. A. Saleh, Mansi Parikh, Phoebe Lin
Although PCR and cultures returned negative, cytopathology showed the presence of cells with bland nuclei and large cytoplasm that morphologically appeared as epithelial cells on Papanicolaou stain, in addition to macrophages (Figure 1B). Flow cytometry revealed lymphocytes accounting for 16% of the total CD45+ events, composed of 85% T cells, 5% natural killer (NK) cells, and rare B cells. The CD4:CD8 ratio was 1.1:1, and no monoclonal B cell population was detected. The diagnosis of epithelial downgrowth was made, and intraocular lymphoma and infection were ruled out. The epithelial downgrowth was presumed to be a result of either prior Ahmed tube exposure/removal or PKP. The patient elected to undergo surgical intervention for globe preservation.
Comparison of 22-gauge standard fine needle versus core biopsy needle for endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling of suspected pancreatic cancer: a randomized crossover trial
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2018
Dong Hyo Noh, Kyu Choi, Seonhye Gu, Juhee Cho, Kee-Taek Jang, Young Sik Woo, Kyu Taek Lee, Jong Kyun Lee, Kwang Hyuck Lee
The remnant slides were smeared and fixed in 100% ethanol for off-site cytological analysis. They were prepared with the Papanicolaou stain. Cytological and histological evaluations were done by one cytopathologist, who was blinded to the type of needle and its order of use. The cytopathologist also assessed the quality of specimen.