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Photothermal Lasers
Published in Anita Prasad, Laser Techniques in Ophthalmology, 2022
In traditional laser delivery with slit lamp – CL system – viewing, locating, and accurately targeting all microaneurysms can be difficult. Microaneurysms are not always clinically visible, and dependent on media clarity and user experience.
Diabetic Fundus
Published in K. Gupta, P. Carmichael, A. Zumla, 100 Short Cases for the MRCP, 2020
K. Gupta, P. Carmichael, A. Zumla
Microaneurysms are the earliest findings of background retinopathy and these are seen as well-defined areas of dilatation of the small retinal capillaries. Dot haemorrhages may be difficult to distinguish from microaneurysms. Tell the examiner that haemorrhages are usually irregular and disappear within a few days whereas microaneurysms are well-defined and last for months to years.
The vascular risk factors of ischemic stroke in young adults
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
A. Tursina, R.A. Indrianti, W. Nurruhyuliawati
Hypertension is often cited as the main cause of stroke. Hypertension causes damage to blood vessel walls due to blood pressure that exceeds normal limits and the release of collagen. A peeled endothelium causes a positively charged basement membrane to attract negatively charged platelets, resulting in platelet aggregation. Also, thrombokinase is released, causing stable blood clots, and if the blood vessels are no longer strong enough to withstand high blood pressure, it will result in a fatal rupture of blood vessels in the brain – a stroke. Hypertension can cause ischemic stroke resulting in atherosclerosis and degenerative processes of blood vessels that can cause microaneurysms, a part of ischemic stroke (Eshak et al. 2017).
Diabetic retinopathy progression associated with haplotypes of two VEGFA SNPs rs2010963 and rs699947
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Haider Ali Alnaji, Rabab Omran, Aizhar H. Hasan, Mohammed Qasim Al Nuwaini
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness. DR mutilates a diabetic patient’s retinal blood vessels. The DR is classified into two main subtypes: non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy disease (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy disease (PDR) [9]. During the early stages, the disease is known as NPDR, which is classified into three subcategories: mild, moderate, and severe. One microaneurysm (MA), a tiny red dot on the terminal of blood vessels, is seen in the mild stage. The MAs ascend to a deeper layer of the retina in the Moderate stage and create a flame-shaped hemorrhage. The severe stage is characterized by more than 20 intraretinal hemorrhages in each of the four quadrants, with obvious venous bleeding and significant intraretinal microvascular changes in the affected retina. When DR progresses to the advanced stage of the disease, it results in neovascularization, the natural development of new blood vessels in the form of functioning microvascular networks that grow on the surface of the retina, and the disease known as PDR [10].
The prevalence and causes of visual impairment among the male homeless population of Montreal, Canada
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2023
Brittany Yelle, Kimberlie Beaulieu, Marie-Christine Etty, Sonia Michaelsen, Thomas Druetz, Dan Samaha, Benoit Tousignant
Participants with one of the following findings were considered to be glaucomatous or glaucoma suspects21,22: intraocular pressure >21 mmHg in either eye, narrow anterior chamber angles (two quadrants or less with the posterior trabecular meshwork being the last visible structure) in either eye, any secondary glaucoma signs (pigment dispersion, pseudoexfoliation and angle neovascularisation), cup/disc ratio >0.7 vertically in one eye, Drance haemorrhage, visible optic nerve notching in one eye or the ISNT rule (normal eyes show a characteristic configuration for disc rim thickness of inferior ≥ superior ≥ nasal ≥ temporal) not respected. Diabetic participants with at least one microaneurysm or any other sign of diabetic retinal changes in the eyes were classified as having diabetic retinopathy. Stage 3 Age-Related Eye Disease Study criteria was used to diagnose participants with age-related macular degeneration.23
The diagnostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in diabetic macular oedema
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Ahmet Elbeyli, Bengi Ece Kurtul, Sait Coskun Ozcan, Deniz Ozarslan Ozcan
Severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (level 53) was defined as: microaneurysms and one or more of the following: any two or three characteristics from level 47, haemorrhages/microaneurysms equalling or exceeding those in four or five fields, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities equalling or exceeding those, or venous beading in two or more fields. Moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (levels 43 through 47) was defined as microaneurysms and one or more of the following: haemorrhages/microaneurysms equalling or exceeding those in standard photo one in four or five fields, haemorrhages/microaneurysms equalling or exceeding those in one field, and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities in one to three fields. Microaneurysms and one or more of the following: both intraretinal microvascular abnormalities and haemorrhage/microaneurysm characteristics from level 43, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities in four or five fields, haemorrhages/microaneurysms equalling or exceeding those in two or three fields, or venous beading in one field. DME was demonstrated by the presence of increased central macular thickness due to cystoid changes, oval and round parts of the image indicating low reflect-ability in horizontal cross-sections of the central fovea as follows: (1) retinal thickening at or within 500 mm from the centre of the macula (2) hard exudates at or within 500 mm from the centre of the macula if accompanied by thickening of the adjacent retina and (3) a zone of retinal thickening, one disc area of larger in size, located one disc diameter or less from the centre of the macula.