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Prevalence of Bacterial Infections in Respiratory Tract
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Boopathi Balasubramaniam, U. Prithika, K. Balamurugan
Vaccines are available that can prevent H. influenzae type b (Hib) disease, which is the most common serotype (“strain”) of H. influenzae bacteria. But Hib vaccine does not prevent the diseases caused by any other types of H. influenzae. Generally, Hib vaccine is endorsed for children younger than 5 years of age in the United States and was also prescribed to 2-month-old infants. In certain circumstances, individuals at increased threat for getting invasive Hib diseases (when H. influenzae invades other internal parts of the body and produces septicemia) and who are completely vaccinated may possibly need additional doses of the Hib vaccine. It is also recommended that unimmunized children and adults with certain medical circumstances should also be given the Hib vaccine. A child with H. influenzae (including Hib) infection may not develop defending levels of antibodies, providing chances for the individual to be affected with H. influenzae disease again. Children whose age is younger than 2 years who have recovered from invasive Hib disease are not be considered safe and must be given Hib vaccine immediately. In certain circumstances, a person in close contact with someone who is infected with Hib should also receive antibiotics to prevent them from receiving the disease (CDC 2016).
Acute Laryngeal Infections
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Routine infant immunization with conjugate Hib vaccine in the UK began in October 1992. Immunization is achieved by three primary doses followed by a late booster. The incidence of invasive Hib infections in children under 5 has fallen dramatically from an incidence of 35.5/100 000 for the year preceding vaccine implementation to 0.06/100 000 in 2012.29 A reduction in the incidence of acute epiglottitis of approximately 90% has been documented in countries in which an immunization programme has been established. In the UK there was a resurgence of cases in 2003 with over 230 cases of Hib infection, causing a booster programme to be launched.30 Vaccine failure does occur but in fewer than 10% of cases is there an identifiable clinical risk factor predisposing to infection. An increasing number of cases may be due to infection with an organism other than Haemophilus and continued vigilance among clinicians is required.27 There is evidence that a longer duration of breastfeeding (more than 13 weeks) is associated with a significantly enhanced antibody response to Hib in children aged between 18 months and 6 years.31
Paediatric orthopaedics
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
The most frequently identified organism is Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcal infection is also common and other organisms are more prevalent in certain age groups, e.g. the neonate, in certain conditions, e.g. sickle cell disease, or in certain countries. The Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine has essentially eliminated H. influenzae as a cause of infection, but in some countries Kingella kingae has taken its place.
Hexavalent vaccines in infants: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the solicited local and systemic adverse reactions of two hexavalent vaccines
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Piyali Mukherjee, Essè Ifèbi Hervé Akpo, Anastasia Kuznetsova, Markus Knuf, Sven-Arne Silfverdal, Pope Kosalaraksa, Attila Mihalyi
Transposed in the daily practice of a vaccinator, these results mean that the administration of one DT3aP-HBV-IPV-Hib vaccine dose to 100 children would lead, on average, to three to seven fewer children experiencing a local reaction than with DT2aP-HBV-IPV-Hib. Likewise, on average four to ten fewer DT3aP-HBV-IPV-Hib vaccinated children would experience a systemic reaction when compared with DT2aP-HBV-IPV-Hib vaccinees. In other words, for every 100 children vaccinated with DT3aP-HBV-IPV-Hib, ten cases of fever, seven cases of redness, six cases of pain and four cases of grade 3 systemic reactions would be averted on average compared to those vaccinated with DT2aP-HBV-IPV-Hib. Therefore, when healthcare providers have to choose between hexavalent vaccines, they may want to take the higher frequency of local and systemic reactions observed after the use of DT2aP-HBV-IPV-Hib compared to DT3aP-HBV-IPV-Hib into account and consequently inform parents about this risk.
Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in the era of conjugate vaccines: critical factors for successful eradication
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Mary Slack, Susanna Esposito, Hervé Haas, Attila Mihalyi, Michael Nissen, Piyali Mukherjee, Lauriane Harrington
In the future Hib vaccination could benefit from several approaches. First, the use of larger vaccine combinations would reduce the number of injections and thus improve acceptability by the public. Hexavalent combinations are currently approved for use, but any future higher-valent formulations should be carefully assessed to reduce the risk of altered immune response (as previously documented for Hib and DTaP components) [77] and of a potential increase in the incidence of adverse events following vaccination. Second, improved or alternative methods of administering vaccines should be considered. Recent studies have shown that a potent immune response can be induced by intradermal vaccination, and that dose-sparing can be achieved [118]. To date, no Hib vaccine has been evaluated for intradermal administration, although the advantages and potential downsides of this delivery method have been discussed [119].
Vaccination post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: what is feasible?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Anne Conrad, Vincent Alcazer, Florent Valour, Florence Ader
Although the risk of Hib invasive infections after HSCT has not been evaluated, it may be increased as for other encapsulated bacteria. Moreover, Parkkali et al. showed that HSCT recipients immunized before transplantation lose protective immunity to Hib within the semester following transplantation [47]. On the other hand, conjugate Hib vaccine has shown to be safe and to elicit protective immunity as early as 6 months post-HSCT [32,48]. Immunization response does not seem to be impacted by GVHD, the use of immunosuppressive drugs or time to vaccination between 4 and 18 months post-HSCT [48]. Consequently, current guidelines recommend the administration of three doses in monthly intervals starting at 3–12 months posttransplantation [16–20]. In order to decrease the overall number of vaccine doses, three doses of the DTPaP-Hib combined vaccine can be recommended from 6 months after transplant. Some experts recommend re-vaccination at 18 months after HSCT [16,17], which can be usefully guided by the assessment of specific antibody titers [20].