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Premalignant Neoplasms
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Laboratory studies: A definitive diagnosis often requires histologic examination, which reveals hyperkeratosis with various degrees of atypia. Perivascular inflammation, solar elastosis, and vasodilation are the most commonly observed features. Epithelial dysplasia may be evident. Dermatoscopy can aid in the diagnosis, which reveals poorly defined borders, vascular telangiectasias, and white projections surrounding ulcerated areas.
Epithelial Precancerous and Borderline Lesions: Diagnosis and Screening
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
Neoplasia that has not transversed the basement membrane but is instead confined to the epithelial layer may either be flat or produce a visible mass. The diagnostic changes seen in both flat and protuberant neoplasms have been described as dysplasia and are recognised by a combination of altered architecture, impaired differentiation and, most importantly, cellular atypia. A cell is described as showing severe or high grade atypia when the appearances of its nucleus approach those of a cancer cell (see Chapter 21). Neoplastic tissue composed of such cells may be described as severe dysplasia, carcinoma-in-situ or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (Fig. 36). The precise terminology varies for different anatomical sites, types of lesion and ‘schools’ of pathology. However, when no evidence of invasion can be demonstrated, pathologists are generally agreed that an unqualified diagnosis of cancer is unwarranted. For many, even the term carcinoma-in-situ carries an excessively aggressive connotation which could be misconstrued. At the other end of the spectrum, mild or low-grade epithelial dysplasia describes changes that are considered neoplastic but deviate minimally from the normal. The risk that a dysplastic lesion will progress to cancer increases proportionately to the grade of dysplasia. However, for an individual patient the magnitude of risk cannot be stated with any certainty.
Chronic Laryngitis
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Microscopy reveals benign mucosa usually covered by squamous epithelium of variable thickness with a tendency to keratinization. The active changes are present in the epithelium but no convincing epithelial dysplasia is identified. The lamina propria may be oedematous and contains a chronic inflammatory infiltrate of variable intensity including lymphocytes and macrophages. A light scattering of acute inflammatory cells is also often present. Patchy permeation of the surface epithelium by the inflammatory cells commonly occurs. There is variable degree of fibrosis of the lamina propria and prominent small vascular channels may be seen.
Feasibility of oral microbiome profiles associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Kengo Hashimoto, Dai Shimizu, Sei Ueda, Satoru Miyabe, Ichiro Oh-Iwa, Toru Nagao, Kazuo Shimozato, Shuji Nomoto
This study included patients with OSCC (n = 41), oral leukoplakia (OLK; n = 25), and postoperative OSCC (Post; n = 20) who visited the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin University Dental Hospital and Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, during March 2016 and October 2018. For analysis, 86 saliva samples were used. Saliva samples were collected using an Oragene® DNA kit (DNA Genotek, Ontario, Canada) immediately after waking up (before tooth brushing and eating breakfast). All samples were stored at −20°C until DNA extraction. Patients who were undergoing treatment for infectious diseases or malignant tumors, using oral wash and taking antibiotics within 3 months were excluded. For the OSCC group, patients with primary cancer without any treatment were included. For the OLK group, the presence of epithelial dysplasia was confirmed by biopsy. For the post group, different OSCC group’s patients who underwent surgery alone >3 months prior were included. In post group, one patient had undergone reconstructive surgery. Table 1 shows the clinical features of the participants in the current study.
Occurrence of Occult Neoplasia in Pterygium Specimens Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Patients
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Christopher Zhu, Menachem Weiss, Frank W. Scribbick, Daniel A. Johnson, Ahmad Kheirkhah
We included pterygium specimens that had a complete histopathology report and accessible clinical medical records. Those with obvious clinical OSSN were excluded from the study. Specimens from repeat surgery for pterygia recurrence were also excluded. Only one specimen was included if a patient had bilateral pterygia. All specimens had been stained with hematoxylin and eosin and evaluated by an ophthalmic pathologist using light microscopy. Determination of presence or absence of epithelial dysplasia was made at the discretion of the pathologist. The following parameters were collected from medical records of all patients with pterygium specimens: clinical diagnosis, age at excision, sex, eye affected, and self-identified race and ethnicity.
ErbB1 and ErbB2 overexpression in patients with sinonasal inverted papilloma and inverted papilloma with squamous cell carcinoma in China
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2019
Hongbing Li, Li Hu, Huankang Zhang, Dehui Wang
Regulation of epithelial cells by growth factors depends on expression of the corresponding receptors on the cell membrane, and the interaction between growth factors receptors and their ligands can regulate cell proliferation and differentiation [19,20]. In this study, we found that the ErbB1 and ErbB2 mRNA and protein expression levels in SNIP tissues were positively correlated with the dysplasia grade. We speculated that ErbB1 and ErbB2 regulated differentiation of SNIP epithelial cells under the function of EGFR family ligands; in addition, the increase in ErbB1 and ErbB2 expression resulted in an increase in the degree of dysplasia. When epithelial dysplasia develops, carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma occur accordingly. Therefore, we speculated that upregulation of ErbB1 and ErbB2 expression was associated with the early event of IPwSCC. We also found that the ErbB1 and ErbB2 protein expression levels in the SNIP and IPwSCC tissues positively correlated with the Krouse stage. The Krouse stage suggests the clinical characteristics of SNIP progression. The ErbB1 and ErbB2 protein expression levels were upregulated in the SNIP tissues, and the expression levels of these two proteins in the IPwSCC tissues were significantly higher than those in the SNIP and NNM tissues. These results suggested that the increase in the ErbB1 and ErbB2 expression levels played an important role in the transformation of SNIP from benign to malignant. Furthermore, the development of a malignant tumor is a multi-factor, multi-stage, and multi-step complex process that involves changes in many oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Further research on the detailed mechanisms underlying the roles of ErbB1 and ErbB2 in the malignant transformation process of SNIP is needed in the future.