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Microorganisms, Plants, and Lower Animals
Published in Stephen P. Coburn, The Chemistry and Metabolism of 4′-Deoxypyridoxine, 2018
Morisawa et al.340 noted that although other analogs were more potent antivitamins than 4′-deoxypyridoxine in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, deoxypyridoxine was the only one which showed anticoccidial activity against Eimeria acervulina. They further state that the anticoccidial activity of the analogs is not proportional to their anti-B6 activity. In a patent, Morisawa et al.342 stated that feed containing 4′-deoxypyridoxine at 50 to 500 ppm provided protection against coccidiosis and raising the content to 1000 to 2000 ppm was curative. However, in a previous report,340 they had mentioned that concentrations of 200 to 500 ppm depressed growth in chicks.
Avian coccidiosis: a disturbed host-parasite relationship to be restored
Published in G. F. Wiegertjes, G. Flik, Host-Parasite Interactions, 2004
In chickens at least seven different species can be discerned (Shirley, 1985). Eimeria acervulina, E. tenella, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. mitis and E. praecox (Barta et al., 1997; Fitz-Coy, 1983; Gore and Long, 1982). In the USA two more species have been described but their existence is still under debate, E. mivati (Edgar and Siebold, 1964) and E. hagani. E. mivati is considered a nomina dubia and should be named as E. mitis (Shirley et al., 1983).
Chicken toll-like receptors and their significance in immune response and disease resistance
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2019
Aamir Nawab, Lilong An, Jiang Wu, Guanghui Li, Wenchao Liu, Yi Zhao, Qimin Wu, Mei Xiao
Eimeria are parasites that cause coccidiosis in poultry species which, in turn, reduce productivity and result in major economic losses to the commercial poultry. Commonly, live vaccines and chemoprophylaxis are used to control coccidiosis in birds [129], but, due to the issue of drug resistance many of the anticoccidial drugs are ineffective and live parasite vaccine have many disadvantages such as less shelf life, safety associated concerns and large-scale production. Thus, efforts have been made to introduce a new and safe vaccine with a suitable adjuvant for a better immune response [130]. TLR ligands have been used as recombinant protein antigens to increase the immune response to the vaccine. A study by Dalloul et al. has showed that TLR21 ligand CpG enhanced the poultry resistance to coccidiosis [131]. CpG-ODN 2006 treatment decreased the number of oocyst, improved weight gain as well as the immunity of the birds. A study has tested the immunoprotective role of CpG in ovo and with an Eimeria recombinant microneme protein-2 (MIC2) [134]. The results of above reports found that oocyst shedding was reduced after in ovo administration of CpG-ODN and resistance against Eimeria acervulina infections was improved [134]. Furthermore, CpGODNs (ODN 2006 and ODN D19) administration with MIC2 reduced oocyst shedding, but the weight gain was increased only in ODN D19 treatment under Eimeria tenella-infection [134]. Hence, the immunoprotective ability of CpG-ODN was dependent on dose, route, backbone and on the chicken strain.