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Host Defense and Parasite Evasion
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
In subsequent memory responses to infection, antibodies associated with a humoral response seem to be more directly involved in immune protection. IgA on the intestinal mucosa has been shown to protect mice from challenge infections with T. gondii, for example. Chickens can be protected from challenge infections with Eimeria by passively infusing them with anti-Eimeria IgG.
Cyclospora cayetanensis: Portrait of an Intriguing and Enigmatic Protistan Parasite
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Annunziata Giangaspero, Robin B. Gasser
Due to its close relationship with Eimeria spp., C. cayetanensis infection may be treated with drugs used against poultry coccidiosis [219]. Trials with drugs affecting the mitochondrial and apicoplast metabolism and possibly effective against Cyclospora [241–243] should be investigated. Currently, no vaccine is available against cyclosporiasis.
Various Applications of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao)
Published in Tariq Aftab, M. Naeem, M. Masroor, A. Khan, Artemisia annua, 2017
Himanshu Misra, Mauji Ram, Ashish Bharillya, Darshana Mehta, Bhupendra Kumar Mehta, Dharam Chand Jain
Avian coccidiosis is one of the most economically important diseases of the poultry industry, caused by apicomplexan parasites belonging to the genus Eimeria. There are seven species in this genus that affect chickens, with E. tenellabeing one of the most pathogenic (McDouglad and Reid, 1991). Infection with E. tenella is followed by caecal lesions (petechiae, thickening, ecchymoses, accumulation of blood, and caseous necrotic material in the caecum), accompanied with bloody diarrhea (Iacob and Duma, 2009). Intensive poultry production systems depend on chemoprophylaxis with anticoccidial drugs to combat infection. Anticoccidial drugs have been used for over 60 years, and their extensive use has led to the development of drug-resistant Eimeria spp. strains (Chapman, 1997; Harfoush et al., 2010; Jenkins et al., 2010). Drug-resistant strains are responsible for subclinical coccidiosis and economic losses due to poor weight gain and high food consumption. It was estimated that the 2003–2004 economic losses in India were 68.08% related to reduced body weight gain and 22.7% related to increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (Bera et al., 2010). Regarding the anticoccidial effects of A. annua in chickens, past studies indicated that both artemisinin and A. annua can be effective against Eimeria spp. (Allen et al., 1998; Arab et al., 2006; Naidoo et al., 2008; Youn and Noh, 2001).
Chicken toll-like receptors and their significance in immune response and disease resistance
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2019
Aamir Nawab, Lilong An, Jiang Wu, Guanghui Li, Wenchao Liu, Yi Zhao, Qimin Wu, Mei Xiao
Eimeria are parasites that cause coccidiosis in poultry species which, in turn, reduce productivity and result in major economic losses to the commercial poultry. Commonly, live vaccines and chemoprophylaxis are used to control coccidiosis in birds [129], but, due to the issue of drug resistance many of the anticoccidial drugs are ineffective and live parasite vaccine have many disadvantages such as less shelf life, safety associated concerns and large-scale production. Thus, efforts have been made to introduce a new and safe vaccine with a suitable adjuvant for a better immune response [130]. TLR ligands have been used as recombinant protein antigens to increase the immune response to the vaccine. A study by Dalloul et al. has showed that TLR21 ligand CpG enhanced the poultry resistance to coccidiosis [131]. CpG-ODN 2006 treatment decreased the number of oocyst, improved weight gain as well as the immunity of the birds. A study has tested the immunoprotective role of CpG in ovo and with an Eimeria recombinant microneme protein-2 (MIC2) [134]. The results of above reports found that oocyst shedding was reduced after in ovo administration of CpG-ODN and resistance against Eimeria acervulina infections was improved [134]. Furthermore, CpGODNs (ODN 2006 and ODN D19) administration with MIC2 reduced oocyst shedding, but the weight gain was increased only in ODN D19 treatment under Eimeria tenella-infection [134]. Hence, the immunoprotective ability of CpG-ODN was dependent on dose, route, backbone and on the chicken strain.
Structure-activity relationships of Toxoplasma gondii cytochrome bc 1 inhibitors
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
P. Holland Alday, Aaron Nilsen, J. Stone Doggett
Decoquinate (DCQ) is a 4(1H)-quinolone ester used since 1967 for the treatment and prevention of Eimeria spp. infection in poultry and, later, ruminants (Table 2) [7]. Eimeria, like T. gondii, is a member of the phylum Apicomplexa and a pathogenic coccidium that primarily infects non-primate animals, causing diarrhea. In vitro, DCQ has an EC50 of 12 nM against RH strain T. gondii tachyzoites in a 48-h 3H-uracil uptake assay [45]. When given orally to ewes in estrus that were infected with T. gondii oocysts on day 90 of pregnancy, DCQ at a dose of 2 mg/kg increased the number of live, viable lambs born by 61.8% over untreated controls [46] [5].
Steroid sulfatase inhibitors: the current landscape
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Hanan S. Anbar, Zahraa Isa, Jana J. Elounais, Mariam A. Jameel, Joudi H. Zib, Aya M. Samer, Aya F. Jawad, Mohammed I. El-Gamal
Recent patents about therapeutic uses of irosustat have been applied or registered. One patent has reported potential therapeutic value of irosustat for treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative disorders[91]. It was also reported as a potential agent for aging treatment [92,93]. In addition, a Chinese group report that irosustat can be used for treatment of eimeria tenella in veterinary use[94]. Irosustat is currently under consideration in clinical trial for treatment of hormone-dependent breast, endometrial, and prostate cancers[95].