China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fibroblast-Pneumonocyte Factor
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Male infants have long been known to have an increased risk of lung immaturity (Miller and Futrakul, 1968; Torday and Nielsen, 1987), and this sex difference is reflected in some (Kotas and Avery, 1980; Torday and Nielsen, 1987; Torday et al., 1981), but not all (Kessler et al., 1982; Truog et al., 1981) animal models. It is reversed in avians, which also have reversed sexual determination (i.e., the male is the homogametic gender and sexual differentiation is controlled by the female gonad) (Nielsen and Torday, 1985). Exposure of the mammalian fetal lung to androgen earlier in development, at the time when this hormone directs male sexual differentiation, delays lung maturation in the female fetus (Nielsen et al., 1982). Conversely, exposure to antiandrogen agents at this time accelerates lung maturation in the male fetus (Nielsen et al., 1982). Indeed, exposure of the fetal lung fibroblast to androgen abrogates its ability to elaborate FPF in response to glucocortocoid (Torday, 1985a, b), and this appears to be a pretranslational effect (Floros et al., 1987).
The school years
Published in Julia Whitaker, Alison Tonkin, Play for Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Acknowledging that the developmental process is genetically initiated but shaped by experience (Mah and Ford-Jones 2012), DelGiudice (2017: 99) identifies the transition to middle childhood as a ‘developmental switch point’ resembling a sensitive period which ‘amplifies both environmental and genetic effects’ on the child. This ‘switch point’ is coordinated by the awakening of the adrenal glands between six and eight years of age and the secretion of increased amounts of androgens which have a major impact on brain functioning. Adrenal androgens can be converted to estrogen or testosterone in the brain, resulting in the organization of brain development along differentiated sexual trajectories (DelGiudice 2017). Along with the awakening of the ovaries/testes, these developments signal the beginning of puberty. This sexual differentiation of brain pathways occurs many years before the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, resulting in the decoupling of physical and behavioral development. This makes the middle childhood years a relatively risk-free time for social exploration, learning, and play; a time when children learn to tease, joke, gossip, and develop social rules that will last a lifetime (DelGiudice 2017).
Paediatric Urology
Published in Manit Arya, Taimur T. Shah, Jas S. Kalsi, Herman S. Fernando, Iqbal S. Shergill, Asif Muneer, Hashim U. Ahmed, MCQs for the FRCS(Urol) and Postgraduate Urology Examinations, 2020
Jemma Hale, Arash K. Taghizadeh
For those that do not practice in this area, disorders of sexual differentiation (DSD) can prove difficult to understand. It would seem unfair that someone taking the FRCS(Urol) would have a detailed knowledge of the classification of these conditions. A few basic principles will be outlined.
Innovation in speech-language pathology research and writing: Transdisciplinary theoretical and ethical perspectives on cultural responsiveness
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2022
Our understanding of gender is informed both by our disciplinary training, as described above, and by our own positionings as trans/gender diverse people whose work in the area of transgender voice has forced us to confront the cultural gap between our professions and our own lived experience. In alignment with Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity (1990/1999; 2003) and intersectional feminist theory (e.g. Lykke, 2010), we understand “gender” as a sociocultural construct that encompasses the notion of “biological sex” and intersects with other dimensions of positionality. This view is incompatible with the understanding that is widespread in the health, social and medical sciences according to which “sex” and “gender” are different concepts that can be theorised in isolation from other dimensions of human diversity. In this traditional view, “sex” is the result of naturally occurring processes of sexual differentiation and “[g]ender is a socially constructed classification system which categorises individuals … based on societal definitions of male and female” (Kimmel & Gordon, 2019, p. 118) and affects a person’s identity, their behaviour, relationships with others and roles in life (see e.g. Lindqvist, Gustafsson Sendén, & Renström, 2021).
Sex-Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules with Unusual Morphology in an Infant with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Priyanka Maity, Nandini Das, Uttara Chatterjee, Dhananjay Basak
SCTAT and Sertoli cell tumors show some degree of overlap in the morphology. Some cases with hybrid features of sex-cord stromal tumors may be difficult to classify because of their unique morphology. Sometimes, within aggregates of the tubular formations in SCTAT, there is a proliferation of cells with a solid pattern that may be composed of lipid-rich cells, as we observed in this case. The SCTAT may evolve into a confluent overgrowth of cells with Sertoli cell characteristics with diffuse growth of oxyphilic cells or lipid-rich cells. Tubular pattern is common to both Sertoli cell tumor and SCTAT; however, the tubules in Sertoli tumors tend to be hollow. The characteristic pink concretions, within the limited areas of tubular differentiation in our case, favored a diagnosis of SCTAT. An unusual case of co-existing Sertoli cell tumor and SCTAT in a case of PJS in an 11-year-old girl has been described. She had no hormonal symptoms [3]. Steroid cell tumor was excluded by the presence of tubular differentiation and the tumor cells did not have the abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm of steroid cell tumors. Our tumor lacked the architectural and nuclear features of a luteinized granulosa cell tumor. Another close morphological mimic is the gonadoblastoma, which contains germ cells and occurs in an altogether different clinical setting associated with dysgenetic gonads in patients of disorders of sexual differentiation.
International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Systemic Testosterone for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women
Published in Climacteric, 2021
Sharon J. Parish, James A. Simon, Susan R. Davis, Annamaria Giraldi, Irwin Goldstein, Sue W. Goldstein, Noel N. Kim, Sheryl A. Kingsberg, Abraham Morgentaler, Rossella E. Nappi, Kwangsung Park, Cynthia A. Stuenkel, Abdulmaged M. Traish, Linda Vignozzi
Testosterone directly, or via its metabolism to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) or aromatization to estradiol, modulates many biochemical and physiological pathways, thus regulating cellular metabolism (Figure 2) [49,50]. Testosterone influences sexual differentiation of the genitalia and the brain, determines secondary sexual characteristics during development and sexual maturation, contributing to maintenance of their functional state in adulthood, and modulates sexual behavior [44]. 5α-DHT is the most potent androgen and has the highest binding affinity to the androgen receptor (AR) [4], whereas the testosterone precursors androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are only weakly androgenic. In circulation, testosterone is loosely bound to albumin (∼30–45%) and more strongly bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (∼65%) with a small fraction (1–3%) circulating as ‘free testosterone’.