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Toxoplasmosis
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Survival and infectivity of sporulated oocysts after application of various cleaning agents have been examined experimentally by Frenkel and Dubey (5). High concentrations of ammonia (33%) and iodine (7%) killed all oocysts within 30 minutes, whereas ammonia (1.7%) and iodine (20%) were no more effective than drying alone. Household ammonia (4–6%) requires more than 60 minutes of exposure to sterilize cat feces. Smaller particles of fecal matter (empty, uncleaned litter pan) exposed to water heated to boiling and poured into the pan (75–80°C) are sterilized rapidly.
Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
Human ingestion of oocysts is followed by invasion of the intestinal epithelium and parasitemia and dissemination to the brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, eyes, and many other organs. Tachyzoites invade target cells where they convert into the bradyzoite form. These replicating bradyzoites form tissue cysts, which persist in tissues for the life of the host. In the vast majority of immunocompetent patients, these cysts have no clinical sequelae.
Medicine
Published in Seema Khan, Get Through, 2020
For each presentation below, choose the SINGLE most likely cause from the list of options. Each option may be used once, more than once or not at all. A 30-year-old man with AIDS presents with profuse watery diarrhoea. Oocysts are detected in the stool.A 25-year-old man presents with fever, bloody diarrhoea and cramping for several weeks that does not resolve with antibiotic therapy. Proctosigmoidoscopy reveals red, raw mucosa and pseudopolyps.A 60-year-old man presents with fever, watery diarrhoea and crampy abdominal pain. He had completed antibiotic therapy for osteomyelitis a month ago. Proctosigmoidoscopy reveals yellowish-white plaques on the mucosa.A 20-year-old man, recently back from a holiday in the Far East, presents with an abrupt onset of severe diarrhoea. The diarrhoea is self-limiting and lasts only 3 days.A 20-year-old woman presents with chronic watery diarrhoea. She is emaciated. Stool electrolyte studies show an osmotic gap. Blood tests reveal hypokalaemia.
Cryptosporidiosis in Finland is predominantly of domestic origin: investigation of increased reporting, 1995–2020
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Kristiina A. Suominen, Marit Björkstrand, Jukka Ollgren, Tiina J. Autio, Ruska Rimhanen-Finne
In addition to causing foodborne outbreaks, Cryptosporidium parasites have many characteristics that impact waterborne transmission. Compared to other parasites, the oocysts are small and are less efficiently removed by sand filtration [30]. The oocysts are also robust, surviving for months in surface waters and having resistance to many chemical disinfectants, including chlorine. They are excreted in high numbers during acute infection, require no maturation before becoming infective, and the required infective dose is small. Many waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have been reported, including some very large outbreaks caused by contaminated drinking water [19,30]. Exposure to recreational water has also been associated with cryptosporidiosis outbreaks [19]. While most of the large waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreaks reported have been caused by C. hominis, C. parvum can also be transmitted through contaminated water [19]. It is important to hinder entry of Cryptosporidium oocysts from farms and sewage into raw water sources in order to prevent waterborne outbreaks.
Awareness, knowledge and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
The tissue cyst form of the disease is transmitted to humans by ingestion of infected raw meats or rare meat, as well as blood transfusion and organ transplantation. The oocyst form is transmitted to humans through cat faeces-contaminated waste materials, soil or water (Hussain et al. 2017). The majority of maternal acute infections are silent (Tenter et al. 2000). The frequency and severity of foetal toxoplasmosis varies according to the gestational age at which maternal infection occurs. The risk of infection is reported as 15% at the 13th gestational week, 44% at the 26th week, and 71% at the 36th week (Faucher et al. 2012). However, congenital toxoplasmosis is most severe in the first trimester and its complications decrease as gestational weeks progress. With placental transition of the infection during pregnancy, the following complications may occur in the foetus: preterm delivery and abortion, low birth weight, hepatosplenomegaly, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcification, microcephaly, and mental retardation (Freeman et al. 2005; Weiss and Dubey 2009; McLeod et al. 2012; Paquet et al. 2013; Singh 2016; Hussain et al. 2017).
Immunological, histopathological, and ultrastructural evidence of steroid-induced reactivation of chronic murine toxoplasmosis
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Aida A. Abdel-Magied, Doaa S. Ghorab, Abeer A. Elhenawy, Nora I. Aboulfotouh
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intra-cellular parasite. Their definitive hosts are mainly felines while rodents are their natural intermediate hosts, and humans may act as intermediate hosts as well. Rapid asexual reproduction stage (tachyzoites) occurs in the intermediate host and is known as the acute phase of infection. Acute phase is usually asymptomatic with few percentages of patients developing mild symptoms as fever and cervical lymphadenopathy. Latent or chronic phase of infection develops after the subsidence of acute stage with the formation of resistant cysts containing slowly multiplying bradyzoites in various tissues, most commonly in muscles and brain. The parasite in cats (definitive host) undergoes rapid sexual multiplication in their gut with the formation of oocysts that pass with their feces. Oocysts and tissue cysts are both infectious for intermediate hosts as humans.19 In immunocompromised patients, T. gondii infection can be fatal whether a result of uncontrolled acute infection due to immunosuppression or due to reactivation of chronic infection. Chronic Toxoplasma infection occurs in one third of world population and the highest percentage is reported in South America, Latin America, and the Middle East.1