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Toxoplasmosis
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Corina N. Schoen, Elizabeth A. Morgan
Human infection starts with ingestion of cysts from uncooked/undercooked meat of infected animals (e.g., pork, lamb and mutton) orcontact with oocysts from infected cats or feces-contaminated soil, unwashed vegetables and fruit, and water. The average incubation period is 7 days [4–18]. Very few cases of congenital toxoplasmosis transmitted by mothers who were infected prior to conception have been reported; they can be attributed to either reinfection with a different strain or to reactivation of chronic disease. This reactivation is rare but can occur especially in an immunocompromised woman. Immunocompetent women with prior toxoplasmosis can be reassured that the risks to the subsequent fetus/neonate are exceedingly rare, especially >9 months after infection [4].
Toxoplasmosis
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The potential public health implications are concerning. The likelihood of human toxoplasmosis is related to environmental conditions that enhance or reduce oocyst survival, the prevalence of feline toxoplasmosis within that region, and culinary habits of the at-risk population. There have been several studies looking at sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women (13–15). All three studies demonstrated the same risk factors for toxoplasmosis infection: consumption of under-cooked meat or game, contact with soil (poor hand hygiene), consumption of poorly cleansed raw vegetables (poor kitchen hygiene), poor cleansing of meat preparation utensils or surfaces (poor kitchen hygiene), and changing the litter box of the pet cat. The odds ratio exceeded 3.0 with all risk factors. Consumption of undercooked meats (50%), soil exposure (18%), and work with animals (5%) accounted for the major of maternal to fetal transmission of toxoplasma.
Toxoplasma gondii
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
The exact duration of chemotherapy necessary to place the infection in remission has not been established in controlled, prospective studies and is probably dependent on the level of immunosuppression caused by the underlying illness. Treatment is usually continued for 4-6 weeks after resolution of all signs and symptoms. Because chemotherapy against Toxoplasma is active only against multiplying Toxoplasma tachyzoites and not against the tissue cysts, it is suggested that chemotherapy be continued until an adequate cellmediated immune response against Toxoplasma has been restored. This is necessary to prevent the high risk of recrudescence of serious toxoplasmosis in patients who continue to be severely immunocompromised (e.g., AIDS patients) (60,372a).
Cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients: a review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Sofiati Dian, Ahmad Rizal Ganiem, Savira Ekawardhani
Sulfonamide and dapsone, two effective drugs for toxoplasmosis, act on parasite DHPS – an enzyme produced by both T. gondii and humans for blocking folic acid synthesis – is the main target of anti-toxoplasma drugs (Figure 3). Pyrimethamine (PYR) and trimethoprim (TMP) are important anti-toxoplasmosis that inhibits DHFR that plays a part in the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate [48]. Current regimens for toxoplasmosis tend to have side effects and low compliance for several reasons. First, DHFR is the part of the folate pathway involved in DNA synthesis in humans (hDHFRw) and parasites (TgDHFR), and results in myelotoxicity. Second, as a single antibiotic is not powerful enough for treating toxoplasmosis, a combination is needed. PYR/TMP is often combined with clindamycin, atovaquone, clarithromycin, or azithromycin [48].
Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Dan Wu, Lili Jin, Xing Huang, Hao Deng, Qing-kun Shen, Zhe-shan Quan, Changhao Zhang, Hong-Yan Guo
Toxoplasmosis is a global parasitic disease and is caused by the specialised intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which infects approximately one-third of the world’s population148. The traditional treatments for toxoplasmosis include ethidiazine, sulfadiazine, spiramycin, and atovaquone. Clinically, etanercept and sulfadiazine have shown significant anthelmintic effects, but the combination of the two drugs can cause serious adverse effects such as hypersensitivity reactions, bone marrow suppression, intolerance, and an increased risk of liver and renal complications149. To date, there is no ideal drug that can completely eradicate all forms of Toxoplasma gondii. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop highly effective and less toxic tolerable drugs for the treatment of this parasitic infection.
Clinical, Socio-economic and Environmental Factors Related with Recurrences in Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Quindío, Colombia
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2021
Stefany Velasco-Velásquez, Daniel Celis-Giraldo, Andrea Botero Hincapié, Diego Alejandro Hincapie Erira, Sara Sofia Cordero López, Nathalia Marulanda Orozco, Jorge Enrique Gómez-Marín
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii.1 This affects one-third of the global population.2,3 In its life cycle, cats are the definitive hosts and a variety of animals are its intermediate hosts, including humans.4 It can be acquired via mother-to-child transmission and environmental factors. The parasite has several stages, starting with the oocysts as a product of the sexual phase in the feline’s bowel, which will be excreted in the faeces and sporulated and then ingested by humans and other animals.4 In the intermediate host, they change to tachyzoites – the acute and active form – and will spread haematogenously, producing clinical manifestations. Finally, it will change to bradyzoites, as latent and chronic form.5,6