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Order Caudovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The phage λ-based display was used for the cell targeting. Thus, the cancer cells were targeted by the display of high-affinity nanobody against HER2 (Shoae-Hassani et al. 2013). The human 293T cell line was targeted by the display of chemically coupled human holotransferrin, and delivery of the GFP-encoding gene was realized (Khalaj-Kondori et al. 2011). The mammalian cell lines were also targeted by display of the following addressing tools: the RGD motif (Dunn 1996); TAT transduction domain of HIV-1 (Eguchi et al. 2001; Wadia et al. 2013); single-chain antibodies (Gupta et al. 2003) and single-chain anti-CEA antibody (Vaccaro et al. 2006); the full-length adenoviral penton base or its central domain of aa 286–393 (Piersanti et al. 2004); ανβ3 integrin-binding peptide (Zanghi et al. 2005) together with delivery of luciferase gene (Lankes et al. 2007); ubiquitinylation and CD-40 binding motifs (Zanghi et al. 2007); FcγRI (Sapinoro et al. 2008). The Cry1Ac toxin was displayed to address the VLPs to the receptor of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin (Vílchez et al. 2004).
Effect of bacterial toxin identified from the Bacillus subtilis against the Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian, Sengodan Karthi, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Haridoss Sivanesh, Narayanan Shyam Sundar, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Govindaraju Ramkumar, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani, Mohamed S Elshikh, Ahmed Abdel-Megeed, Patcharin Krutmuang
The probable insecticidal action of crystal proteins expressed by the particular crystal genes working against the lepidopteran pest has been reported to be cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1B and cry1C.41 However, among numerous Bt crystal protein genes, the cry1C, cry1D, cry1E and cry1F genes have revealed insecticidal activity against Spodoptera spp. (Valicente et al. 2010). These results could be the reason that the Bacillus strain corresponding with cry1Aa, cry1Ab and cry1Ac, whose genes show significant toxicity against C. medinalis.
Nanoparticle-loaded microcapsules providing effective UV protection for Cry1Ac
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Yongjing Zhang, Aijing Zhang, Mengyuan Li, Kanglai He, Shuyuan Guo
Firstly, SDS-PAGE was used to analyse the protein concentration of FC and MC, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a standard. Briefly, Image J software was used to analyse the grey-scale values of BSA bands with different concentrations, and the standard curve of protein concentration was obtained by drawing the grey-scale values above. The protein concentration of Cry1Ac and MC could be obtained by substituting the band grey-scale value of Cry protein and MC into the standard curve. The mixture of FC and spores and the suspension of MC loaded with three different nanoparticles were prepared into 0.1 mg/mL suspensions, respectively. Then the UV resistance of these samples was tested. First of all, 10 ml of each sample was taken and dispersed into five different petri dishes and then left to dry naturally. Secondly, the petri dishes containing samples were placed in a solar simulator (Xenon-arc Photostability/Weather Durability Test Chambers, XT5409-XPC150, Xutemp, China) and treated for 2, 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively. The culture conditions were as follows: 25 °C, 180 μW/cm2 of UV intensity, and 10 klx of illumination intensity (Zhou et al. 2014). Thirdly, suspensions were obtained by adding 10 ml of deionised water into the culture dishes to suspend the treated samples. Fourthly, 20 μl sample of suspension was taken and mixed with an equal volume of 2 × loading buffer (0.125 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 4% m/v SDS, 20% v/v glycerol, 2% v/v β-mercaptoethanol, and 0.004% m/v bromine phenol blue), boiled at 100 °C for 5 min, and then analysed by SDS-PAGE (8% m/v). The same amount of untreated MC and FC was used as the negative control. This step was to test the total remainder after UV irradiation. On the other hand, the precipitate was obtained by centrifuging 5 ml suspension at 850 g for 10 min. Then the precipitate was solubilised in a 5 ml alkaline solution and oscillated at RT for 2 h. After that, the suspension was centrifuged and 20 μl supernatant was taken for SDS-PAGE to detect the alkali solubility of Cry1Ac after UV irradiation. An equal amount of untreated MC and FC was used as the negative control. Finally, the remaining 4980-μl suspension of each sample would be used for subsequent bioassay experiments to detect the effect of different UV irradiation times on the insecticidal activity of Cry1Ac.