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Historical Notes
Published in Albert A. Kurland, S. Joseph Mulé, Psychiatric Aspects of Opiate Dependence, 2019
Albert A. Kurland, S. Joseph Mulé
The clinical experiences with methadone de-toxification paved the way for developments leading to the introduction of methadone maintenance as a treatment form by Dole and Nyswander.62 The extensive application of this treatment modality has indicated that many of. these patients, despite such maintenance, still resort to alcohol abuse and multiple drug consumption. The clinician has also found that the use of psychotropic drugs, namely, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, and anxiolytics are required to cope with exacerbations of dysphoric states from time to time despite their methadone maintenance.109–111
Profile of Toxic Pufferfish
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish, 2017
Toxicity: The intestine of the puffer fish Fugu vermicularis radiatus has been reported to harbor Vibrio strains and the latter were found to produce TTX, 4-epi-TTX, and anhTTX. It is also suggested that these bacterial strains are responsible for the toxification of this species (Lee et al., 2000).
Carbonyl Toxification Hypothesis of Biological Aging
Published in Alvaro Macieira-Coelho, Molecular Basis of Aging, 2017
Although animals possess well-developed defense systems against carbonyl toxification, still, their biomolecules are immersed in a carbonyl environment. The gradual physiological alterations induced by various carbonyls and DMcarbonyls, therefore, are ubiquitous and inevitable.
Metabolism of the areca alkaloids – toxic and psychoactive constituents of the areca (betel) nut
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Although knowledge of AN consumption and the associated psychoactive effects and health deficits are not new, there is still much to be learned about how the intriguing small molecule alkaloids (e.g. arecoline) abundant in this nut are handled by drug metabolism machinery in the human body. In this comprehensive review, metabolism information was initially extracted from in vitro work in tissue fractions and cells and then from in vivo PK studies in animals and humans. Major pathways of arecoline elimination include de-esterification, GSH conjugation, N-oxidation, nitrosamine conversion, and surprisingly carbon–carbon double-bond reduction that results in the formation of N-methylnipecotic acid – a major urinary metabolite of arecoline in mice (Giri et al. 2006) and humans (Hu et al. 2010). Furthermore, major toxification steps include metabolism to an N-oxide derivative by FMO and nitrosamine formation in the presence of nitrite (Figure 2). Downstream metabolism of metabolites may also contribute to AN-induced toxicity, although this remains speculative.
Association of Activity Altering Genotypes - Tyr113His and His139Arg in Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase Enzyme with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Sumaiya Nabi, Gulzar Ahmad Bhat, Beenish Iqbal, Mohd Maqbool Lone, Ghulam Nabi Lone, Maroof Ahmad Khan, Nazir Ahmad Dar
Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH, also EPHX1) is an important xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme with typical features like metabolizing a diverse array of toxicants and carcinogens (15–17), broad tissue distribution and substrate specificity (18–20), and inducibility by foreign compounds (21,22). mEH is primarily involved in the detoxification of potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic epoxides and their intermediates to corresponding less reactive (nontoxic) vicinal diols (16,17). These epoxides are present in diet or generated within the body from dietary and environmental toxins like benzopyrenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and nitrosamines (23,24). However, in some circumstances mEH is involved in the toxification of its substrates, with potentially fatal outcome. Such a dual role of mEH is demonstrated by bio-activation of the PAH, benzo(a)pyrene present in the cigarette smoke (25,26). For example, mEH in collaboration with cytochrome-P-450 (CYP) converts benzo(a)pyrene to more reactive intermediate, benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 8,9-epoxide (Benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide, BPDE) which displays higher mutagenic and carcinogenic potential than its substrate.
Effects of Phyllanthus amarus PHYLLPROTM leaves on hangover symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Annie George, Jay K. Udani, Ashril Yusof
Chronic ethanol intake (i.e., several years of heavy alcohol use in humans, several weeks or months in experimental animals) enhances the damaging consequences of inflammatory responses through a variety of mechanisms. It would have been expected that, in the presence of alcohol detoxification, AST would have increased as a number of liver cells may have been damaged; however, in this case, there was no significant difference in AST between the groups. Another biomarker that is commonly associated with inflammation is CRP, which in this study did not show group difference, whereas in another study, supplementation of the medicinal herb Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) was shown to reduce CRP levels while improving total antioxidant levels in serum ischaemic stroke patients (Thanoon et al. 2012). In a study on hangover symptoms, decreased levels of CRP were associated with reduced hangover symptoms; however, liver enzymes (AST and ALT) were not reduced (Wiese et al. 2004). It is possible that the alcohol toxification in this study was not chronic enough to warrant an intense inflammatory reaction.