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Clostridium
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Emilio Aranda, María G. Córdoba, María J. Benito, Juan José Córdoba
Other members of the genus Clostridium (Clostridium baratii and Clostridium butyricum) have occasionally been reported to be involved in foodborne botulism and thus should also be considered as potentially foodborne pathogens.
Diversification of host bile acids by members of the gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Jenessa A. Winston, Casey M. Theriot
UDCA is incompletely absorbed in the small intestine, thus only a fraction reaches the large intestine where the greatest consortium of microbes are present.13,115,116 Several formulations of UDCA have been developed to try to increase colonic delivery, including conjugation with glutamate, nanosuspensions/nanoparticles, and microbial derivation.116–118 The UDCA-glutamate prevents absorption and biotransformation in the small intestine but takes advantage of the peptide bond cleavage within the colonic brush boarder enzymes to remove the glutamate thus allowing for colonic delivery of UDCA.116 UDCA nanosuspensions encapsulate this bile acid and allow for increased colonic transit time.117,118 UDCA could also be microbially derived from administration of UDCA-producing bacteria, such as Clostridium baratii or Ruminococcus gnavus N53 (Figure 3).61,90 Additional research is required to investigate the use of UDCA-producing bacteria in vivo. Lastly, 24-nor-UDCA is a shortened side chain of UDCA that undergoes chole-hepatic shunting, meaning that it passes through cholangiocytes into sinusoids via periductular capillary plexus.119,120 This formulation of UDCA is thought to enhance ductal targeting of UDCA administration. Effects of 24-nor-UDCA on bile acid profiles and the gut microbiota need to be characterized.
A synthetic consortium of 100 gut commensals modulates the composition and function in a colon model of the microbiome of elderly subjects
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Marta Perez, Alexandra Ntemiri, Huizi Tan, Hugh M. B. Harris, Henrik M. Roager, Céline Ribière, Paul W. O’Toole
Unique and shared species between control and MCC100 supplemented CM and LS samples were studied (Supplementary Table S7). Consistent with higher alpha-diversity indices, a greater number of species was detected in the MCC100 supplemented CM and LS samples compared with control groups at time 0 and time 3 (Figure 6a). The co-culture of CM microbiota and MCC100 returned 32 unique species with 2.5% aggregated relative abundance. These unique taxa included Bifidobacterium longum, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium lactatifermentas, Lactobacillus unclassified, and Veillonella unclassified which could be members of the added MCC100. Coprococcus eutactus and M. smithii were only detected in the CM control samples at time 3 despite the same species being present in the MCC100. The LS samples inoculated with the MCC100 harbored 26 unique species at time 3 (2.7% aggregated relative abundance). These taxa comprised B. pullicaecorum, C. lactatifermentans, Lactobacillus unclassified, Veillonella unclassified (the last four were commonly detected in CM supplemented samples at time 3), Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Enterococcus unclassified, S. wadsworthensis, A. hadrus, Bifidobacterium unclassified, Dorea longicatena, Gemmiger formicillis, Prevotella copri, Roseburia inulinivornas and Ruminococcus 2 unclassified. Two species (Alistipes putredinis and Ruminococcus bromii) present in the MCC100 were specifically detected in the LS control group. These outcomes suggest MCC100 addition affected the presence of unique species having common and specific effects in CM and LS microbiota types. Common changes were confirmed by analyzing aggregated CM and LS samples (Supplementary file 1 and Supplementary Figure S8a).
Foodborne botulism in Turkey, 1983 to 2017
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Hasan Karsen, Mehmet Resat Ceylan, Hasan Bayındır, Hayrettin Akdeniz
Botulism is a rare, potentially fatal neuroparalytic illnes caused by neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum (botulinum group I–IV) and infrequently by some strains of Clostridium butyricum type E and Clostridium baratii type F. Of the seven botulinum toxin types, human disease is most frequently associated with types A, B, or E and rarely with type F [1,2]. Botulism neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most potent toxins known, with as little as 30–100 ng being potentially fatal. Botulism affects humans, animals, and birds [3]. The causative agents have attracted attention in recent years in terms of biological weapons, because 1 g of BoNT is able to kill over 1 million people and this can also be achieved by aerosolization route [4,5]. The toxin irreversibly blocks the acetylcholine release in peripheral nerves. As a result, voluntary motor and autonomic muscular blockage occurs. The blockage is in descending form beginning from cranial nerves towards extremities and this consequently inhibits respiration through involvement of respiratory muscles [6,7]. Clostridium botulinum is a large, strictly anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus which resists harsh environmental conditions. It occurs in the soil and sometimes in the intestinal systems of animals and humans. It is divided into four physiologic groups. Group I organisms are proteolytic in culture and can produce toxin types A, B, and F. Group II organisms are nonproteolytic and can produce toxin types B, E, and F. Group III organisms produce toxin types C and D, and group IV produces type G. [1,6]. Group II organisms grow optimally between 25° and 30 °C, and the other groups grow best between 30° and 37 °C. Clostridium botulinum grows between 10°Cand 40 °C and produces toxin in an anaerobic milieu, at a pH of <4.5, at low salt and sugar content, and a temperature of 4–121 °C [8,9].