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Host-Parasite Relationships
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The first part of the first postulate, which requires that the organism always be present in all cases of the disease, may not be true of certain diseases. Some causative organisms, for example, need not themselves be present in the host to cause disease. The ingestion of the toxin of Clostridium botulinum with food is sufficient to produce the disease botulism. This makes application of the first part of the first postulate inappropriate for this disease.
Botulinum toxin complications and management
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Botulinum toxin is one of the most potent neuromuscular inhibitors on the planet and it as previously discussed its discovery was linked to the disease botulism, a potentially fatal condition. Botulism is characterised by weakness, fatigue, blurred vision, dysphagia, incontinence, respiratory distress, dysarthria and potentially death. Paralysis secondary to botulism may last for up to two months, and if untreated up to half of those affected die of the disease. Even if treated, between up to one in 10 patients who contract botulism die. The treatment of botulism involves administering botulinum antitoxin and supportive care such as mechanical ventilation.
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Diana Mnatsakanova, Qin Li Jiang
Botulism is caused by neurotoxins released by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium. The toxins can be transmitted via ingestion of contaminated food as in food-borne and infantile botulism, or via entry through a wound site. The toxins interfere with fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles in the presynaptic nerve terminal. Disease manifestation and electrophysiologic findings can be variable.
A novel RRGW derived peptide is a promising inhibitor of BoNT/A
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Wantong Ma, Lulu Wang, Xiangmin Tan, Xin Wang, Chunyan Yang, Yu Wang, Ziye Liu, Bo Liu, Hai Zhu, Dejuan Zhi, Dongsheng Wang
BoNT/A is widely used in medical and cosmetic practice, after all, it has been the most potent clostridial neurotoxins known and dangerous potential bioterrorism agents, there was insufficient medication to treat toxin poisoning16. There is only antitoxin is available to treat botulism so far. Small molecule inhibitors targeting the Zn2+ metalloprotease active site of toxin light chains have been successively discovered, including L-arginine oxo-hydroxy acid hydrochloride, Inh-1, Inh-28,17, and 8-hydroxyquinoline compounds. Zn2+ irreversible binding inhibitors, such as quinones, 4-dichlorocinnamic hydroxamic acid (DCHA), and 9-hydroxy-4H-pyrido [1,2-a] pyrimidin-4-one (PPO), have also been reported18,19. Furthermore, a long-acting Zn2+ active site inhibitor with slow binding kinetics has been developed20. However, those small molecule inhibitors are limited in clinical applications for treating intoxication of botulinum toxin due to their poor selectivity.
Early recovery of botulism: one decade of experience
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Firouze Hatami, Shervin Shokouhi, Masoud Mardani, Minoush Shabani, Latif Gachkar, Ilad Alavi Darazam
Botulism is a rare but serious disease, caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum and more rarely by atypical strains from other Clostridium and non-Clostridium species. The toxin is one of the most potent biologic toxins. C. botulinum is recognized as a Gram-positive anaerobic microorganism. Improper processing of food products such as tuna fish, canned foods, homemade products, and dried meat can lead to the production of this toxin (i.e., creates an anaerobic, low acid, low salt, and sugar environment favorable for Clostridium botulinum to grow, leading to toxin formation) [1–3]. There are different types of botulism, including food-borne botulism, wound botulism, infant botulism, iatrogenic botulism, and inhalation botulism. Although there are seven serotypes of botulinum toxin (A–G), usually four of these toxins (A, B, E, and rarely F) are responsible for clinical poisoning in humans [2,4,5].
Botulism Outbreak in a Regional Community Hospital: Lessons Learned in Transfer and Transport Considerations
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2019
William Krebs, Terri Higgins, Martha Buckley, James J. Augustine, Bradley D. Raetzke, Howard A. Werman
Botulism is a potentially lethal condition caused by a neurotoxin released by Clostridium botulinum. This organism is a spore-forming obligate anaerobe and is ubiquitous, being isolated from variety of fruits and vegetables, soil, and marine environments. The organism produces a neurotoxin, which attacks the pre-synaptic nerve endings in affected muscles. Exposure to clostridal spores or direct exposure to toxin, via ingestion, contact with an infected wound, absorption by the lungs or parenteral injection can lead to botulism. The toxin causes various degrees of paralysis typically starting with the bulbar nerves but ultimately causing prolonged respiratory failure in its victims (1). For a comprehensive review on botulism, the reader is referred to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) website at http://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/botulism/factsheet.asp.