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Brazilian Medicinal Plant Extracts with Antimicrobial Action Against Microorganisms that Cause Foodborne Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Sabrina Baleixo da Silva, Carissa Michelle Goltara Bichara, Johnnat Rocha Allan de Oliveira, Adilson Ferreira Santos Filho, Rafaela Cristina Barata Alves, Andrea Komesu, Mahendra Rai
Botulism is a serious food poisoning caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which affects the nervous system and can lead to death. Its characteristics are bacillus, Gram-positive, strict anaerobic and spore forming. The toxins produced are exotoxin in food botulism and endotoxin in the intestine. Listeirosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. This species is rod-shaped, Gram-positive, non-sporulated and facultative anaerobic. Listeriosis can cause septicemia, meningoencephalitis, skin lesions and intrauterine infection in pregnant women that can lead to abortion in the second or third trimester or stillbirths (Câmara Flores and Melo 2015; Mendonça et al. 2020).
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Diana Mnatsakanova, Qin Li Jiang
Botulism is caused by neurotoxins released by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium. The toxins can be transmitted via ingestion of contaminated food as in food-borne and infantile botulism, or via entry through a wound site. The toxins interfere with fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles in the presynaptic nerve terminal. Disease manifestation and electrophysiologic findings can be variable.
Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Many biological toxins cause neurotoxicity. These include botulism, diphtheria and tetanus toxin, snake and bee venom, mushroom poisoning, and lathyrism.57,58,96,130,324,533,551,594 Botulism is associated with generalized weakness and bulbar dysfunction brought about bythe ingestion of spoiled food due to Clostridium botulinum contamination.533C. botulinum is a ubiquitous soil organism and its spores are very resistant. Botulinus toxin A is among the most lethal substances known, as little as 10-5 μg will kill a 20 g mouse. The toxin is synthesized under anaerobic conditions by C. botulinum.341 The protoxin is only slightly toxic; toxic residues are formed when proteolytic enzymes cleave certain amino acids from this molecule.171
Early recovery of botulism: one decade of experience
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Firouze Hatami, Shervin Shokouhi, Masoud Mardani, Minoush Shabani, Latif Gachkar, Ilad Alavi Darazam
Botulism is a rare but serious disease, caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum and more rarely by atypical strains from other Clostridium and non-Clostridium species. The toxin is one of the most potent biologic toxins. C. botulinum is recognized as a Gram-positive anaerobic microorganism. Improper processing of food products such as tuna fish, canned foods, homemade products, and dried meat can lead to the production of this toxin (i.e., creates an anaerobic, low acid, low salt, and sugar environment favorable for Clostridium botulinum to grow, leading to toxin formation) [1–3]. There are different types of botulism, including food-borne botulism, wound botulism, infant botulism, iatrogenic botulism, and inhalation botulism. Although there are seven serotypes of botulinum toxin (A–G), usually four of these toxins (A, B, E, and rarely F) are responsible for clinical poisoning in humans [2,4,5].
Focal arm weakness following intradetrusor botulinum toxin administration in spinal cord injury: Report of two cases
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Christopher Goodrich, Henry York, Andrew Shapiro, Peter Howard Gorman
Botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin originally derived from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.9 The toxin’s best-known mechanism of action is to inhibit acetylcholine release into the neuromuscular junction, thereby blocking neuromuscular signal transmission and causing sustained paralysis.9,10 It was first reported in 1996 for the treatment of urologic disorders by Schurch et al. and is now used frequently in the treatment of detrusor overactivity.10,11 Recent research points to larger neural effects of botulinum toxin on the bladder apart from its effects on acetylcholine release. These include inhibition of multiple neurotransmitters and down-regulation of purinergic and capsaicin receptors on afferent neurons.9,10 Additional postulated mechanisms include decreased axonal sprouting in botulinum toxin treated smooth muscle as compared to striated muscle, as well as decreased levels of the sensory receptors P2X3 and/or TRPV1.12–14
Botulism Outbreak in a Regional Community Hospital: Lessons Learned in Transfer and Transport Considerations
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2019
William Krebs, Terri Higgins, Martha Buckley, James J. Augustine, Bradley D. Raetzke, Howard A. Werman
Botulism is a potentially lethal condition caused by a neurotoxin released by Clostridium botulinum. This organism is a spore-forming obligate anaerobe and is ubiquitous, being isolated from variety of fruits and vegetables, soil, and marine environments. The organism produces a neurotoxin, which attacks the pre-synaptic nerve endings in affected muscles. Exposure to clostridal spores or direct exposure to toxin, via ingestion, contact with an infected wound, absorption by the lungs or parenteral injection can lead to botulism. The toxin causes various degrees of paralysis typically starting with the bulbar nerves but ultimately causing prolonged respiratory failure in its victims (1). For a comprehensive review on botulism, the reader is referred to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) website at http://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/botulism/factsheet.asp.