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Cholera
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Cholera is an acute illness due to infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The bacterial disease is usually spread through contaminated water. Cholera causes profuse amounts of watery diarrhea (rice-water stool) and vomiting, leading to leg cramps, dehydration, and death.1
Suffering with two dissimilar diseases
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Very young and very old persons are much more susceptible to bacterial disease. New-born infant has little capacity for producing antibodies until he is several months of age.Presence of other diseases may greatly reduce resistance to bacterial infection. Diabetic patients are predisposed to infections of skin and genito-urinary tract. Influenza, measles and other viral infections of the lung markedly predispose to secondary bacterial infection. Silicosis is associated with a striking increase in susceptibility to tuberculosis. Malnutrition, exhaustion, shock, exposure to cold, chronic alcoholism, psychic disturbances etc. may also seriously interfere with the individual resistance to bacterial disease.(Hoppes, 1971, p. 275)
Infectious Diseases
Published in Lyle D. Broemeling, Bayesian Analysis of Infectious Diseases, 2021
Once in every several million cell divisions, a mutation produces immune bacteria, which is immune to an antibiotic drug. This occurs because the mutation changes the bacteria’s genetic code, and consequently its ability to use certain chemicals for its activities. Some of the causes of mutations are radiation from space that enter the earth’s environment, as well as some atmospheric chemicals. As a result of the mutation, all bacteria that stem from the immune germ will be resistant to the drug unless it mutates again to make the strain susceptible again. Thus, whenever a new antibiotic is developed, there is a small probability the bacteria will develop an immunity against it. Since mutations are fairly rare, there is a good chance of fighting a bacterial disease with another drug before future strains become resistant. Some members of the bacterial strain are resistant to certain drugs naturally. In time, they can eventually become selected via evolution and become the dominant drug-resistant forms of a pathogenic strain. More importantly, some bacteria can pass on their drug resistance to another stain by “infection”. Since the passing of resistance factors does not depend upon the lengthy process of mutation, it poses a much greater problem of drug immunity. Thus, doctors must prescribe more than one antibiotic to fight certain diseases, in the hope that this will retard bacterial resistance.
Dental caries and their microbiomes in children: what do we do now?
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Apoena Aguiar Ribeiro, Bruce J. Paster
a. Replacement therapy The overall concept is to replace a disease-associated strain with a modified, non-pathogenic version of that strain, termed an effector strain. Thus, a successful effector strain a bacterial disease must not cause disease itself nor predispose the host to other disease states by disrupting the ecosystem in which it resides. An excellent example of an effector strain involved construction of a mutant of S. mutans did not make acid. Since acid production by mutans streptococci was essential to the pathogenic process of dental caries, effector strains, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-deficient mutants of Streptococcus rattus, were shown to have little or no cariogenic potential with low acid-producing capabilities in vitro and in various rodent models [90]. Consequently, this LDH mutant was a candidate for replacement therapy. Another effector strain called BCS3-L1 was constructed to produce an LDH deficiency with mutacin 1140 production, which is capable of killing virtually all strains of mutans streptococci. This genetically stabile effector strain in reduced pathogenic potential by, selectively colonizing the tissues/teeth at risk for disease [91,92]. Additional clinical trials in humans are needed for validation and safety for the prevention of caries [92].
Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in pediatric patients: potential role of dalbavancin
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Lorenzo Volpicelli, Mario Venditti, Alessandra Oliva
SSTIs represent a highly frequent condition in the general population and have a rapidly evolving epidemiology [5]. As for the pediatric population, SSTIs exert a great clinical impact. A cross-sectional study on five datasets with people younger than 18 years was conducted in the U.S.A. through an analysis of resource utilization for SSTI hospitalizations. Inpatients with a secondary diagnosis of invasive bacterial disease were excluded. The authors demonstrated that the weighted number of SSTI-related pediatric hospitalizations and incision and drainage procedures more than doubled between 1997 and 2009, especially in the African American race and among uninsured children [6]. In a retrospective multicenter study on a pediatric cohort of patients hospitalized for ABSSSI, 42% had non-purulent cellulitis, 19% wound infection or purulent cellulitis, and 39% cutaneous abscess. The anatomical sites of infection were lower extremities in 44% and head/neck in 23%; duration of treatment was longer than 10 days in 61% [7]. In the U.S.A., it was estimated that an average of 385,000 children are refer to the Emergency Department annually due to SSTI with a median hospitalization rate of 15% [8]. These numbers tend to be underestimated as an even greater proportion of individuals are probably managed on an outpatient basis by their own physician.
Rotula aquatica Lour. mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation in acute pyelonephritic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
A. Vysakh, Kuriakose Jayesh, Ninan Jisha, V. Vijeesh, Sebastian Jose Midhun, Mathew Jyothis, M. S. Latha
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered as one of the most common bacterial disease which experience 40% of women and 12% of men once in their life time. The pyelonephritogenic subset of Escherichia coli was accountable for up to 85% of both complicated and uncomplicated UTIs (Plotnikov et al.2013). The upper urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis) was considered as a potentially life-threatening infection that affects kidneys. If the disease is not treated properly with antibiotic therapy, acute pyelonephritis patient eventually died due to infection and renal damage. The oxidative stress and inflammatory response associated with bacterial infection (infection-induced intoxication) contribute much to kidney tissue damage. The reactive oxygen species is the only reason behind oxidative tissue injury in the pathogenesis of renal diseases, including pyelonephritis(Kaur et al.1988). Reports from E. coli-induced pyelonephritis in animal models (rats) documented that the reactive oxygen species generated from the activated neutrophils and monocytes causes oxidative renal injury by enhancing glomerular infiltration which causes the generation of altered protein, membranes, DNA, and basement membranes which ultimately result in cells and organ dysfunction(Meylan et al.1989, Allameh and Salamzadeh 2016).