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Exopolysaccharide Production from Marine Bacteria and Its Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Prashakha J. Shukla, Shivang B. Vhora, Ankita G. Murnal, Unnati B. Yagnik, Maheshwari Patadiya
Pantoeaagglomerans strain KFS-9 isolated from mangrove forests have been reported to produce EPSs with high water solubility and antioxidant activity (Wang et al., 2007). Pseudomonas and Azotobacter spp. isolated from Pichavaram mangrove sediments synthesized alginate EPSs (Lakshmipriya, 2012).
Physiology of Moss-Bacterial Associations
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Luretta D. Spiess, Barbara B. Lippincott, James A. Lippincott
Several strains of bacteria isolated from the liverwort Scapania nemorosa stimulated its growth and development.57 Pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs which produce vitamin B12 were isolated from several other bryophytes,58 as well as from flowering plants and occasionally from soil and water.59 Vitamin B12 added to axenic cultures of gametophytes of Jungermannia leiantha and Gymnocolea inflata increased growth and branching, suggesting that bacteria may be an important source of the vitamin and may affect normal developmental patterns of these mosses.59 Vitamin B12-dependent enzymes occur in several families of flowering plants60 and also may function in lower plants. Vitamin B12 is widely distributed in organisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen, including cyanobacteria, nodules of leguminous and nonleguminous symbionts, Rhizobium spp., Azotobacter vinelandii, and Clostridium pasteurianum. The small amounts of vitamin B12 found in higher plant tissue appear to be of microbial origin.61
B
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Beijerinck, Martinus Willem (1851–1931) Microbiologist who, in 1901, described Azotobacter, a genus of free-living, nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil. The diffusible property of the tobacco mosaic virus in agar was demonstrated by him in 1898.
Alginate-based matrix tablets for drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Natalia Veronica, Paul Wan Sia Heng, Celine Valeria Liew
Alginate is a naturally occurring anionic polysaccharide, primarily extracted from marine brown algae of the Phaeophyceae family, particularly Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria hyperborea, and Macrocystis pyrifera. Alternatively, alginate can also be obtained from bacterial sources including Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp [1]. Structurally, alginate consists of a mixture of β-(1→4)-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-(1→4)-L-guluronic acid (G) residues. These acid residues are arranged as homogeneous blocks (comprising either acid residue alone – MM or GG blocks) interspersed by heteropolymeric blocks made of random alternating units of mannuronic and guluronic acid (MG or GM blocks) [2]. Alginate is available as free acid (alginic acid) or salt derivatives whereby sodium alginate is the most common form. Additionally, alginate can be modified through physical, chemical, and biological methods. Alginate comes in various grades of different molecular weights, sources, compositions, and sequences of polymer blocks [3,4].
Evaluation of the acute and 28-day sub-acute intravenous toxicity of α-l -guluronic acid (ALG; G2013) in mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Ahmad Mahdian-Shakib, Mohammad Sadegh Hashemzadeh, Ali Anissian, Mona Oraei, Abbas Mirshafiey
Although the synthetic polymers, ceramics, and metal alloys were applied extensively for drug discovery, the use of biomaterials is of interest (Huebsch and Mooney 2009, Williams 2009). Some of the important advantages of biomaterials over the synthetic polymers are their: higher bioavailability, biodistribution, higher adsorption rate, easy production in large scale as well as low toxic effects on vital organs (Huebsch and Mooney 2009, Williams 2009). Alginate is an anionic polymer, which is obtained from bacterial species such as Azotobacter and Pseudomonas as well as seaweed (Nazeri et al.2017). The alginate is mainly comprised of α-l-guluronic acid (ALG) and, β-d-mannuronic acid (BDM) monomers and widely used in biomedical industries due to its biocompatibility, low toxicity, relatively low costs, and mild gelation (obtained by addition of divalent cations such as Ca2+ to alginate) (Nazeri et al.2017). Indeed, the linear copolymer blocks consisting of (1,4)-linked BDM (M) and ALG (G) residues contribute to the principal structure of the alginate (Fundueanu et al.1999, Nazeri et al.2017). Recently, it has been shown that the ALG (G2013, patented (DE-102016113017.6)) can exert remarkable anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects (Afraei et al.2015). The therapeutic effects of this drug on inflammatory diseases have been evaluated in different preclinical studies (Mirshafiey and Rehm 2009, Afraei et al.2015, Mirshafiey et al.2016). Previously, we observed that the ALG can potentially modulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (Afraei et al.2015). Our results showed that the ALG can inhibit the production of NO species (Mirshafiey et al.2016), as a key player in MS pathogenesis and various inflammatory disorders, and reduce its serum levels both in treatment and prevention groups compared to the control group (Smith and Lassmann 2002). Furthermore, the inflammatory indices such as demyelination, neuronal degeneration infiltration of inflammatory cells, and perivascular cuffing in the brain and cerebellum in EAE mice those received ALG i.p. were significantly milder than the control group (Afraei et al.2015). Further investigations showed that ALG can act as a modulator of TLR4 signaling pathway by reducing the expression levels of IRAK1 and TRAF6 and thereby can partially inhibit the inflammatory responses (Hajivalili et al.2015).