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Lifestyle Influences on the Microbiome
Published in David Perlmutter, The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
Polyphenols are bioactive non-nutrient plant compounds whose bioavailability and physiologic effects greatly depend on their transformation by components of the gut microbiota. Polyphenols, in return, alter microbial metabolism and growth. The impact of polyphenols on the gut microbiome is largely due to the ability of specific compounds to inhibit or enhance the growth of specific bacteria.96 The reduction of TMA synthesis by resveratrol is one example that was mentioned above.97 The benefits of polyphenol consumption for age-related cognitive decline may involve this bidirectional relationship: anti-inflammatory flavonoids need microbial enzymes to increase bioavailability and, in turn, flavonoids enhance the growth and metabolic activity of beneficial microbes.98 In elderly adults, sleep quality and mental flexibility is positively associated with the abundance of Verrucomicrobia/Akkermansia species.99 Enrichment of Akkermansia species is also a feature of the gut microbiome of healthy centenarians.100 Flavonoids found in cranberries, black raspberries, blueberries, and pomegranate are prebiotic growth enhancers for Akkermansia muciniphila and may contribute to healthy aging in part through enhancement of Akkermansia carriage.101,102,103,104,105
Gut Microbiome
Published in Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss, Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Brian J. Bennett, Katie A. Meyer, Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss
In addition, the health benefits of polyphenols may partly be mediated through polyphenol-induced changes on the gut community. In fact, several studies have demonstrated microbial changes following feeding interventions with polyphenol-rich foods. For example, cranberry extracts enriched for polyphenols affected the levels of Akkermansia spp., a taxa associated with insulin sensitivity and intestinal inflammation (Anhe et al. 2015). Increases in butyrate-producing bacteria Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus have been observed in interventions of isoflavones (Clavel et al. 2005), cocoa flavanol (Tzounis et al. 2011), almonds (Liu et al. 2014), wild blueberries (Vendrame et al. 2011), coffee (Jaquet et al. 2009), red wine (Queipo-Ortuno et al. 2012), green tea (Jin et al. 2012), apples (Shinohara et al. 2010), and bananas (Mitsou et al. 2011).
Human Culture
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Aging: Exploring a Complex Phenomenon, 2017
The investigators looked at the co-occurrence of pairs of bacterial taxa and on the basis of the co-occurrence pattern were able to identify four co-occurrence groups. One of these named the Bacteroides co-occurrence group contained the three dominant taxa referred to in the previous paragraph. This group appeared to form a core microbiota accounting for about 70% of relative abundance in all samples. The abundance of this core group fell with age from 75.3% in the youngest group to 64.9% in the oldest. The other three co-occurrence groups did not show any consistent changes with age. The investigators did note that in the oldest age group, there was an increase in several bacterial taxa, specifically Christensenellaceae, Akkermansia, and Bifidobacterium. Everard et al. (2013) demonstrated the occurrence of decreased abundance of Akkermansia in obese and type 2 diabetic mice. Restoring Akkermansia abundance in these mice improved their metabolic abnormalities. On the other hand, the abundance of the taxon Faecalibacterium decreased with age and as previously noted, members of this taxon produce factors which modify the immune/inflammatory response.
Pea Starch-Lauric Acid Complex Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in C57BL/6J Mice
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Nina Qin, Yan Meng, Zhihua Ma, Zhaoping Li, Zhenzhen Hu, Chenyi Zhang, Liyong Chen
This study found that the relative abundance of Ruminococcus was significantly decreased in DSS and DSS + RS5 groups, and the relative abundance of Turicibacter, Oscillospira, Odoribacter, and Akkermansia was elevated in the DSS group, but not in RS5 groups. Notably, previous studies have demonstrated that the relative abundance of Akkermansia was significantly decreased in patients with UC and in colitis animal models (37, 47–49). Akkermansia is a potent anti-inflammatory gut bacterium that can enhance mucus layer thickness by promoting MUC2 production and by reducing intestinal permeability (50, 51). However, Tian et al. found that the abundance of Akkermansia increased in mice with colitis, which was highly positively correlated with the DAI score, pathological score, pro-inflammatory cytokines’ concentration, and tight junction proteins’ expression (26). Furthermore, Akkermansia was elevated in both colitis animal models and patients with colorectal cancer and was positively associated with the severity of UC (52, 53). Akkermansia is beneficial for intestinal homeostasis under normal conditions and may disrupt the intestinal mucosal barrier after overgrowth (54). When the balance of the intestinal microbiome is disrupted, Akkermansia, which is a nonpathogenic species in normal bacteria, can become pathogenic (55). We found that the abundance of Akkermansia was increased in DSS-induced colitis and that RS5 could regulate its homeostasis.
A comprehensive systematic review of the effectiveness of Akkermansia muciniphila, a member of the gut microbiome, for the management of obesity and associated metabolic disorders
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Neda Roshanravan, Sepideh Bastani, Helda Tutunchi, Behnam Kafil, Omid Nikpayam, Naimeh Mesri Alamdari, Amir Hadi, Simin Sotoudeh, Samad Ghaffari, Alireza Ostadrahimi
Similar to animal models, human studies demonstrated the effect of dietary factors on the intestinal A. muciniphila abundance (Ramnani et al.2010, Roshanravan et al.2018). In recent human trials, pomegranate fruit extract (PFX) significantly increased the genus of Akkermansia in stool samples of the individuals following PFX extract intervention (Li et al.2015, Henning et al.2017). In a systematic review in 2019, Verhoog et al. (2019) showed an energy-restricted diet, supplemented with resveratrol, polydextrose, yeast fermentate, sodium butyrate, and inulin-type fructans might elevate the A. muciniphila abundance. In contrast, a diet low in fermentable monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polyols reduced A. muciniphila abundance. Hooda et al. (2012) reported that polydextrose (PDX) supplementation increased A. muciniphila abundance in healthy individuals’ faecal samples. Whole grains (e.g. wheat, corn, and rice) are other dietary factors shown to affect faecal microbiota composition favourably. In 2016, Cooper et al. (2017) reported increases in the relative abundance of Akkermansia following whole grains consumption in healthy adults. Recently, a study in obese people indicated an increase in the A. muciniphila bacterium abundance following oleoylethanolamide (OEA) supplementation (Payahoo et al.2019).
Effect of COVID-19 precautions on the gut microbiota and nosocomial infections
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Armin Rashidi, Maryam Ebadi, Tauseef Ur Rehman, Heba Elhusseini, Harika Nalluri, Thomas Kaiser, Shernan G Holtan, Alexander Khoruts, Daniel J. Weisdorf, Christopher Staley
Decreased person-to-person and environment-to-person transmission of specific taxa can result in their lower abundance in the gut microbiota. Pseudomonas colonizes medical devices and water and can be transmitted from the environment or other individuals to the patient.22 Although the ability of ingested Pseudomonas to reach and colonize the colon is unknown, decreased transmission resulting from COVID-19 precautions is a potential explanation for our findings. Alternatively, reduced microbial transmission could make the microbiota less accommodating to specific taxa. Akkermansia resides in the mucus layer and uses mucin as its sole carbon and nitrogen source.23 Short-chain fatty acids, produced by several commensal members of the gut microbiota, stimulate mucin production by goblet cells.24 As a possible mechanism, a reduction in such bacteria resulting from decreased transmission could make the gut a suboptimal environment for Akkermansia. Direct transmissibility of Akkermansia has not been evaluated.