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Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
Coelho et al. [13] also reported that the N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have a neutral effect or in turn a beneficial effect as it increases Bifidobac- terium, Adlercreutzia, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Desulfovibrio, and Verrucomicrobia (Akkermansia muciniphila) in the gut. There are many areas to be explored like the effect of lipids in transforming the microbiota in the large intestine, the effect of fatty acid composition in the diet, n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio and its impact in humans, etc. More in-depth research can throw light on how lipids can have an impact on gut microbiota.
Gynecologic Cancers and Lifestyle Medicine
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Nathalie D. McKenzie, Nnamdi I. Gwacham, Sarfraz Ahmad
Gut microbiota may be an important modulator of obesity. The state of microbiotic dysbiosis may give rise to a diverse spectrum of both local and systemic inflammatory chronic diseases such as obesity. By studying adult female monozygotic and dizygotic twins concordant for leanness or obesity, Turnbaugh et al.72 demonstrated that obesity is associated with changes in microbial phylum, decreased bacterial variety, and a different configuration of microbial genes and metabolic exchanges. The presence of some specific microbial species such as Akkermansia muciniphila has shown to play a role in reducing both obesity and systemic inflammation.73
Lifestyle Influences on the Microbiome
Published in David Perlmutter, The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
Going further, these opposing disease-related associations for Akkermansia muciniphila have been found in human clinical studies, demonstrating that the relationship between intestinal microbes and health may be case-specific. Akkermansia muciniphila is the dominant human species in the phylum Verrucomicrobia, and typically accounts for less than 2% of the gut microbiome. Akkermansia colonization has been associated with protection against insulin resistance, obesity, and ulcerative colitis.44 In a study of humans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansia were significantly depleted from fecal samples when compared to a control population of individuals with similar trauma history who did not show evidence of PTSD.45 People with PTSD demonstrate deficits in GABA functionality of specific brain areas when compared with trauma-matched controls.46 It is possible that the GABA-enhancing effect of Akkermansia, which has been demonstrated in mice, exerts a protective effect on stress responses, so that loss of Akkermansia predisposes an individual to PTSD. Parkinson’s disease, in contrast, is associated with an abundance of Akkermansia in stool samples47,48 and with excessive GABA activity in the pons and putamen.49
The place of a ketogenic diet in the treatment of resistant epilepsy: a comprehensive review
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Recent studies describe a new mechanism for the ketogenic diet in preventing seizures by altering the gut microbiota in animals and humans [30,31]. In mouse models, KD is hypothesized to increase the intestinal population of Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides merda, most likely providing seizure prevention [32]. These bacteria have been found to reduce gamma-glutamylated ketogenic amino acids, which leads to neurotransmitter modulation, which has anti-seizure effects [31]. Olson et al. [33] found that Akkermansia muciniphila increased from 2.8% to 36.3% during 4 and 14 days of dietary treatment. Parabacteroides merdae, Sutterella, and Erysipelotrichaceae were also significantly increased, while Allobaculum, Bifidobacterium, and Desulfovibrio were lower in ketogenic-fed mice compared to mice fed the control diet. Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides merdae have been shown to be essential for achieving the anti-seizure effect of a ketogenic diet. Studies have revealed that KD alters the gut microbiome to varying degrees. In individuals with good seizure control, it is a selective increase in Bacteroids and a decrease in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria [30,31]. With these changes, it was hypothesized that KD could exert anti-seizure effects by modulation of the gut microbiota [13].
The association of weight loss with changes in the gut microbiota diversity, composition, and intestinal permeability: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Dimitrios A Koutoukidis, Susan A Jebb, Matthew Zimmerman, Afolarin Otunla, J. Aaron Henry, Anne Ferrey, Ella Schofield, Jade Kinton, Paul Aveyard, Julian R. Marchesi
The exact changes at phylum, genus, and species level that lead to higher α-diversity require further investigation. The evidence of overall diversity changes but lack of evidence on changes on most phyla, genera, and species might be explained by underreporting of detailed microbiota changes (i.e., reporting of only overall diversity changes), since the majority of the pooled estimates at these levels were based only on a few studies. Despite this lack of evidence, there was clear evidence that weight loss increased the abundance of the genus Akkermansia. This increase is in line with both observational data of lower abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in people with overweight and obesity and a double-blind proof-of-concept trial indicating that A. muciniphila supplementation may lead to larger weight loss and improvements in liver and cardio-metabolic biomarkers.74 However, other pilot trials of oral fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of obesity do not show changes in weight.75,76 Whether improving the gut microbiome profile directly leads to larger weight loss requires further research. Given the modest effect size seen in this review and the complex mechanism of energy homeostasis, it is plausible that the direct effect of the microbiome in weight is modest and, thus, large studies are needed to observe a meaningful effect.
The clinical evidence for postbiotics as microbial therapeutics
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Alexis Mosca, Ana Teresa Abreu Y Abreu, Kok Ann Gwee, Gianluca Ianiro, Jan Tack, Thi Viet Ha Nguyen, Colin Hill
In rodents, live Akkermansia muciniphila reduced obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, steatosis, and gut permeability.95–97 Subsequently, it was discovered that pasteurization enhances its effect on adiposity, insulin resistance and glucose tolerance.96 Clinical data from a randomized-controlled study including overweight/obese, insulin-resistant individuals show that pasteurized A. muciniphila reduces liver dysfunction and inflammation blood marker levels while leaving the overall gut microbiome structure unaffected. The three-month study found that pasteurized A. muciniphila was safe and well tolerated, improved insulin sensitivity (p = 0.002), and reduced insulinemia (p = 0.006), plasma total cholesterol (p = 0.02) and body weight (p = 0.091) compared with the placebo. It also reduced fat mass (p = 0.092) and hip circumference (p = 0.091) compared with baseline.98