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Botanicals and the Gut Microbiome
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Micro-organisms can be found on our skin, mouth, nose, ears, intestinal tract and genitals. The microbial gut genome of humans contains more genes than are encoded by the host itself (Bäckhed et al., 2005; Nicholson et al., 2012; Lu et al., 2019). The gut microbiome is known to influence the host’s immune system, development and physiology, as well as metabolism (de Vos and de Vos, 2012; Smith, 2015; Lu et al., 2019). Variability exists between the gut microbiome of different individuals and can be influenced by factors such as age, diet and health status (Moschen et al., 2012; O’Toole and Jeffery, 2015; Shreiner et al., 2015). A healthy human gut represents an ecological system that consists of bacteria, fungi and virus domains (Eid et al., 2017). The composition of the microbiome that has been compiled through the studies on 16s rRNA gene sequences from human fecal microbiota compared with 59 other mammalian species shows that the prevalent groups are mostly comprised of Firmicutes (65.7%), Bacteroidetes (16.3%), Proteobacteria (8.8%), Actinobacteria (4,7%), Verrucomicrobia (2.2%), Fusobacteria (0.67%) and others (Possemiers et al., 2011; Habtemariam, 2020).
Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
Coelho et al. [13] also reported that the N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have a neutral effect or in turn a beneficial effect as it increases Bifidobac- terium, Adlercreutzia, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Desulfovibrio, and Verrucomicrobia (Akkermansia muciniphila) in the gut. There are many areas to be explored like the effect of lipids in transforming the microbiota in the large intestine, the effect of fatty acid composition in the diet, n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio and its impact in humans, etc. More in-depth research can throw light on how lipids can have an impact on gut microbiota.
Bamboo as Food and Medicine
Published in Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht, Bamboo Shoot, 2020
Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht
Li et al. (2016) have reported that bamboo shoot fibre prevents obesity in mice by modulating gut microbiota. They performed a six-week study on C57BL/6J mice fed on high-fat diet with different fibre types including cellulose (HFC), bamboo shoot fibre (HFBS) and several other commonly consumed fibres. Results showed that the HFBS group exhibited the lowest weight gain among all diet groups and had improved lipid profiles and glycemic control compared with the HFC group. As revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, loss of diversity in the gut microbiota induced by the HFC diet was largely prevented by the HFBS diet. Moreover, compared with the HFC diet, the HFBS diet resulted in markedly increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and strong inhibition of Verrucomicrobia, two divisions strongly correlated with body weight. This study provides evidence of a quality difference among different types of dietary fibres and shows that bamboo shoot fibre is the most effective in suppressing high-fat diet-induced obesity, thus indicating that bamboo shoot fibre is a potential prebiotic fibre which modulates the gut microbiota and improves host metabolism.
Pea Starch-Lauric Acid Complex Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in C57BL/6J Mice
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Nina Qin, Yan Meng, Zhihua Ma, Zhaoping Li, Zhenzhen Hu, Chenyi Zhang, Liyong Chen
Disruption of homeostasis between the gut microbiota and host mucosal immune responses has been widely reported in patients with UC, which leads to abnormal immune responses to commensal nonpathogenic bacteria (42). The intestinal microorganism in patients with UC is dysregulated, which manifests as a reduction in intestinal symbiotic bacteria and probiotics such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, and an increase in both intestinal pathogens and conditional pathogens (39), leading to intestinal mucosal impairment. Consistent with previous studies (26, 43, 44), our results suggested that gut microbial dysbiosis in DSS-induced colitis mice was characterized by an altered community composition and increased Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Proteobacteria contain various pathogenic microbiota, such as Helicobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli, that were considered biomarkers of gut microbiota disorder (45). Verrucomicrobia has been reported to be positively associated with intestinal inflammation (46). RS5 treatment reversed the change in Verrucomicrobia but not Proteobacteria.
A comprehensive systematic review of the effectiveness of Akkermansia muciniphila, a member of the gut microbiome, for the management of obesity and associated metabolic disorders
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Neda Roshanravan, Sepideh Bastani, Helda Tutunchi, Behnam Kafil, Omid Nikpayam, Naimeh Mesri Alamdari, Amir Hadi, Simin Sotoudeh, Samad Ghaffari, Alireza Ostadrahimi
The gut microbiota of healthy adults is primarily dominated by four phyla: (1) Firmicutes (65%), (2) Bacteroidetes (16%), (3) Actinobacteria (9%), and (4) Proteobacteria (5%) (Gaggia et al.2010). Verrucomicrobia phylum is another composition of mammalian gut microbiota (∼3%) belonging to the Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae bacterial superphylum (Salguero et al.2019). Actinobacteria muciniphila (A. muciniphila) is the first and only representative microbe of this phylum in the human gut and a mucin-degrading microaerophilic gram-negative bacterium. It was initially isolated from the faecal sample of a healthy volunteer adult in a specific medium (Derrien et al.2004, Macchione et al.2019). A. muciniphila can use mucin as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen and induces positive feedback in the mucin layer via stimulating its production and turnover. As a result of mucin degradation, A. muciniphila produces SCFAs (predominantly acetates and propionates) (Fujio-Vejar et al.2017). SCFAs have significant contributions to the host physiologic processes. Recently, the beneficial effects of acetate and propionate on the microbiome and mucosa metabolism have been indicated. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and insulin sensitivity properties of these SCFAs have been established (Tamboli et al.2004, Cani et al.2019).
Characterization of the intestinal microbiota during Citrobacter rodentium infection in a mouse model of infection-triggered Parkinson’s disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Tyler Cannon, Anshul Sinha, Louis-Eric Trudeau, Corinne F. Maurice, Samantha Gruenheid
The model put forward in our previous paper is that anti-mitochondrial CD8 T cells induced by infection in the Pink1−/- mice enter the CNS, causing damage to dopaminergic neurons and leading to motor symptoms. However, this does not rule out the possibility that other features of C. rodentium infection may also contribute to the development of PD-like symptoms in Pink1−/- mice. C. rodentium infection induces temporal shifts in the mouse intestinal microbiota including an expansion of Enterobacteriaceae.32,33 As described above, gut microbiota alterations, such as an expansion in Enterobacteriaceae and Verrucomicrobia, have been implicated in PD.25 This raises the possibility that microbiota differences between wild-type (WT) and Pink1−/- mice, either before, during, or after infection could be implicated in the infection-induced PD-like phenotypes observed. To gain insight into the role of the microbiota in our model, this addendum aims to characterize changes in the gut bacterial microbiota and SCFA production during C. rodentium infection and compare these changes between Pink1−/- mice and their WT littermates.