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Infectious Diarrhoea
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats, and risk of Aeromonas infection is highest during summer months when the temperature of the water peaks. Aeromonas spp. can be found in poultry, lamb, veal, pork and ground beef. Consumption of these food products or contact with water during, i.e. recreational sports, are the most common sources of infection. Aeromonas spp. can also be found in asymptomatic carriers. Parasitic infections occurring in untreated fresh or drinking water are Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp.
Aeromonas
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Chi-Jung Wu, Maria José Figueras, Po-Lin Chen, Wen-Chien Ko
Potentially pathogenic Aeromonas species are very common in drinking water and in different types of foods, and are considered foodborne pathogens.1 Humans may develop enteric infection due to consumption or exposure to contaminated waters or consumption of food contaminated with the organism due to environmental exposure. Of currently recognized species, only a subset of Aeromonas spp. are involved in human gastroenteritis. A. caviae, A. veronii, A. hydrophila, and A. dhakensis are the principal species, accounting for 96% of the isolates recovered from gastroenteritis cases.2 Nevertheless, owing to taxonomy revision, it should be borne in mind that some A. hydrophila isolates in earlier studies may actually be A. dhakensis.2 A few species not recognized as enteropathogens before have been isolated from feces, including A. media, A. trota, A. taiwanensis, A. jandaei, A. allosaccharophila, and A. tecta. Further studies to identify the clinical association between enteric infection and these species are warranted. Several studies have reported the recovery of Aeromonas from stool increases coincidentally with elevated temperature in warmer months of the year. The rise in isolation number is due to the cause that aeromonads proliferate at elevated temperature and thus lead to increased density of bacteria in aquatic environments.40
Cefotaxime
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Baek-Nam Kim, David L. Paterson
Wild-type strains of Salmonella enterica are highly susceptible to cefotaxime (Table 26.2). So far, resistance to cefotaxime remains extremely rare in human S. enterica (Liu et al., 2008; Cernela et al., 2014), but resistance of Salmonella spp. to third-generation cephalosporins is increasing, mediated by either ESBLs or AmpC beta-lactamases (Miriagou et al., 2004; Ceyssens et al., 2015; Kariuki et al., 2015). Vibrio spp., including V. cholera, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus, are generally susceptible to cefotaxime (Liu et al., 2008; Dauros et al., 2011). In some studies, 6.9–18.2% of V. cholerae isolates were resistant to cefotaxime (Chuang et al., 1997; Kacou-N’douba et al., 2012; Thapa Shrestha et al., 2015). In vitro, cefotaxime MIC50 and MIC90 values for V. vulnificus are ≤ 0.03 µg/ml in Taiwanese reports (Hsueh et al., 1995). The susceptibility of Aeromonas spp., including A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. sobria, to cefotaxime varied from 73% to 95%, depending on species (Liu et al., 2008).
Epithelial integrity, junctional complexes, and biomarkers associated with intestinal functions
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2022
Arash Alizadeh, Peyman Akbari, Johan Garssen, Johanna Fink-Gremmels, Saskia Braber
The PDZ and proline-rich domains of afadin have been associated with either direct or indirect interaction of afadin with different cell adhesion proteins, including nectin, E-cadherin, JAM-A, ZOs and CLDNs (Figure 4).64,75,112,116–118 It is already known that afadin plays a crucial role in establishment and proper organization of the apical junctional complexes as well as providing a physical link between different components of apical junctional complexes and the intracellular cytoskeleton.112,113,119 It has been reported that the architecture of epithelial apical junctions in both the small and large intestines are preserved in afadin-knockout mice; however, this lack of afadin results in impaired intestinal homeostasis and increased intestinal permeability.115 A study with T84 intestinal epithelial cells demonstrated that the consequence of Aeromonas sobria proteases induced decomposition in nection-2 and afadin leading to as alterations in intestinal barrier function.120Aeromonas species are known to cause human gastrointestinal infections.121 In addition, it is believed that afadin has a crucial role in recruitment of different TJ proteins to the apical side of the cell–cell adherens junctions, since afadin-depleted MDCK cells show a significant delay in the reassembly of TJs and it subsequently enhances epithelial permeability.64,116,117,122,123
A case report of a fulminant Aeromonas hydrophila soft tissue infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia harboring a rare translocation
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Emmanouil Charakopoulos, Panagiotis T. Diamantopoulos, Konstantinos Zervakis, Nefeli Giannakopoulou, Mina Psichogiou, Nora-Athina Viniou
Aeromonas is an oxidase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative bacillus, which mostly inhabits aquatic environments, including domestic water although it is now known that humans can also get infected through pets and consumption of certain foods, mainly meats and dairy. These organisms are part of the normal human gastrointestinal flora, especially during the summer months, because of increased growth in warm water. The most frequently encountered species in clinical settings are A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. veronii biovar sobria (often erroneously termed as A. sobria in the medical literature). Human Aeromonas infections are rather uncommon and opportunistic since in more than 80% of cases there is underlying immunosuppression. Middle-aged men are more commonly affected. The spectrum of clinical symptoms and disease severity is broad. The most common clinical manifestations are gastroenteritis, skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and septicemia. Less frequently, Aeromonas infections manifest as peritonitis, cholangitis, pneumonia, cystitis, prostatitis, or ocular disease1,2. Herein, we describe a case of severe Aeromonas SSTI in a middle-aged man with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A description of this case with a specific emphasis on the patient’s rare chromosomal abnormality has been published by our group3.
Antibacterial activity of Blumea axillaris synthesized selenium nanoparticles against multidrug resistant pathogens of aquatic origin
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Jyoti Prakash Dash, Lopamudra Mani, Sukanta Kumar Nayak
The green synthesized Se NPs using this plant were found to exhibit antibacterial activity against some of the selected bacteria of aquatic origin. Earlier, studies have shown the multidrug resistance pattern among the aquatic bacteria. Bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae as well as the Gram positives have also been reported to exhibit multidrug resistance pattern [48]. Aeromonas species are pathogenic to several aquatic organisms in general and particularly in case of fishes, are known as important fish opportunistic pathogens [49,50]. Many fish species like carp, tilapia, rainbow trout, brown trout, eel, perch, catfish, goldfish, and salmon pose a great threat from Aeromonas species since it is responsible for disease and mortality of fishes [51–54]. A. hydrophila, which is a pathogenic bacterium, has been implicated in fish and animals including human beings [55–57]. The multidrug resistance pattern has already been reported earlier from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) isolates [58]. Multidrug resistance pattern has also been found in Aeromonas -species against antibiotics like ampicillin, clindamycin and penicillin [59] and particularly in A. hydrophila, multidrug resistance pattern has been found against ampicillin and streptomycin [60]. Herein in this study, both the pathogenic isolates of A. hydrophila were found to be resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, novobiocin, vancomycin, and co-trimoxazole. Aeromonas species also showed a similar type of resistance pattern against ampicillin, erythromycin, novobiocin, vancomycin, and bacitracin. Other isolates like E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Enterococcus species also exhibited multidrug resistance pattern. Earlier studies on these bacteria have also demonstrated such type of multidrug resistance pattern [61–64].