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Principles of neuromotor development
Published in Mijna Hadders-Algra, Kirsten R. Heineman, The Infant Motor Profile, 2021
Mijna Hadders-Algra, Kirsten R. Heineman
The vestibular system assists human beings in spatial orientation and balance control. Structural development of the labyrinth with its semicircular canals and otoliths (responsible for the detection of angular and linear acceleration, respectively) occurs in large part during the first half of gestation (Jeffery and Spoor 2004). The presence of the vestibularocular reflex and the Moro reflex in preterm infants indicates that the vestibular system is functionally active prior to term age (Dubowitz et al. 1999; vestibular-ocular reflex: personal observation).
Sensory System
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The vestibular system senses spatial orientation and movement and maintains body posture. The ampulla of the inner ear semicircular canals senses rotatory acceleration of the head, whereas the saccule and utricle sense the force of gravity and linear acceleration of the head.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome: Clinical Evaluation and Management of Patients *
Published in Michael S. Margoles, Richard Weiner, Chronic PAIN, 2019
Proprioception. Sense of position. Spatial orientation. Perception mediated by proprioceptors or proprioceptive tissues (Dorland’s, 1985). Receiving stimuli within the tissues of the body, as within muscles and tendons (Dorland’s, 1985). Sensory nerve terminals which give information concerning movements and positions of the body; they occur chiefly in the muscles, tendons, and the labyrinth (Dorland’s, 1985).
Objective excyclotorsion increases with aging in adults
Published in Strabismus, 2022
In this study, the right-eye DFA was significantly smaller than the left-eye DFA. This difference mainly came from the increase of left-eye DFA in the older participants (Figure 1, Table 1). Another report showed the same laterality: right-eye DFA was 2.2° smaller than left-eye DFA.4 Eye dominance (fixation preference) is known to affect DFA in paretic and nonparetic strabismus.10–14 DFA of the dominant eye is found to be smaller than that of nondominant eye in these cases of strabismus.10–13 The dominant-eye DFA was smaller than the nondominant-eye DFA of group III in our study, too (Figure 2). The vertical axis of the dominant eye is less inclined than the vertical axis of the nondominant eye of these individuals. A human’s most important sense of spatial orientation may be the direction of gravity. Therefore, the dominant eye is likely to be aligned more accurately with the earth’s vertical (i.e., a smaller DFA) than the non-dominant eye. The prevalence of right-eye dominance over left-eye dominance ranges from 2:1 to 3:1 in healthy people.22–24 This distribution bias may have caused this laterality (right- < left-eye) in DFA.
Effect of Dual Task on Step Variability during Stepping in Place without Vision
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Nicole Paquet, Nadia Polskaia, Lucas Michaud, Yves Lajoie
The ability to stay in place while stepping without vision is recognized as a spatial orientation test (Cohen, 2019). Spatial orientation tasks are known to involve a complex integration of sensory, motor and cognitive functions (Trullier et al., 1997; Wolbers & Hegarty, 2010). At present, not much is known on the impact of dividing attention between a cognitive task and the spatial orientation task of stepping in place without vision. Furthermore, it is unclear whether a concurrent cognitive task would produce DT interference and modify the variability of foot displacement parameters during stepping in place without vision. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of a concurrent mental counting task on the variability of step-by-step AP and ML foot displacement and foot rotation intervals. We hypothesized that the variability of these spatial stepping parameters would be smaller in DT than in the single stepping task, according to the previous finding that step length and step width’ variability was smaller in DT than in single walking (Decker et al., 2016).
Spatial orientation in virtual environment compared to real-world
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2021
S. Pastel, C. H. Chen, D. Bürger, M. Naujoks, L. F. Martin, K. Petri, K. Witte
This paper preliminarily found that the spatial orientation skill is similar in VR and in the RW. To walk different distances and to estimate them verbally could be assessed equally well in RW and VR. The results showed that a more detailed environment with more room features and a higher developed HMD was not necessary to complete this task. The route recreation task was also successfully performed by the participants with minor exceptions. We should emphasize that only a small part of the complex construct of spatial orientation was examined in the current study. Orientating in the real or virtual environment requires more components such as perceiving information from multiple sensory cues, maintaining in short- and long-term memory, or visualization of the own body. Those factors were not analyzed in the current study, but they are helping us in the successful completion of daily tasks. VR is an excellent tool to create any virtual environments with their specific properties, whose purpose could be any training scenarios regarding spatial orientation. If training scenarios in VR should take place in sports, further analyzes with active movements or interactions with objects have to be done, that VR emerges as a valid training method.