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Smell Perception/Anosmia/Parosmia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Anosmia is the complete loss of smell. Nasal congestion is a common cause of temporary anosmia. Loss of smell from nasal polyps, sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infection, or fractures is due to intranasal swelling or other obstruction that prevents odors from gaining access to the olfactory area. Neurologic causes include head trauma and viral infections, as well as aging or Alzheimer's. A number of other conditions can cause anosmia as well. Parosmia, or dysosmia, describes a distortion or perversion of the sense of smell. What typically happens is that natural and pleasant odors are perceived as offensive and disgusting. Additional causes can include Alzheimer's, Huntington's, or Parkinson's, and olfactory damage from head injury, bacterial or viral infection, toxic chemicals, radiation, or chemotherapy, etc. Neurologists have used sodium valproate, gabapentin, and pregabalin to treat parosmia for decades with good results.1
Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Hyperosmia is heightened sense of smell. Dysosmia (or parosmia) is abnormally perceived sense of smell. Phantosmia (olfactory hallucination) is smell perception in the absence of an odor stimulus. Olfactory agnosia is the inability to recognize olfactory sensory information in the setting of intact olfactory function.
The Special Sense Organs and Their Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Parosmia and parosphresia, from the Greek words osme and osphresis (meaning smell or smelling), refer to any disorder of the sense of smell, especially the subjective perception of odors that do not exist. Loss of the sense of smell is termed anosmia (also, olfactory anesthesia or smell blindness). The types of anosmia, according to their cause, are essential or true, due to lesion of the olfactory nerve; mechanical or respiratory, due to obstruction of the nasal fossae; reflex, due to disease in some other location; and functional, without any apparent cause. Nasal congestion ('"stuffy nose") caused by allergic rhinitis, bacterial or viral inflammation, or anatomical defects will also interfere with the sense of smell.
Olfactory perception in patients with a mild traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal study
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Coline Zigrand, Benoit Jobin, Fanny Lecuyer Giguère, Jean-François Giguère, Benjamin Boller, Johannes Frasnelli
It is now well established that TBI is associated with a wide spectrum of symptoms, including olfactory dysfunction (OD) (5–9). OD can be either quantitative, i.e., partial (hyposmia) or a complete (anosmia) loss of smell, or qualitative, i.e., qualitative alteration of odor perception in the presence (parosmia) or absence (phantosmia) of odorants (10). Despite the high frequency of mild TBI (mTBI), only a few studies have investigated olfactory dysfunction (OD) in mTBI, although even mTBI can cause OD (11–13). The frequency of OD in mTBI varies widely from one study to another and has been reported to be 20–55% (13–16) and 10–44% (16–19) in the acute and chronic phases, respectively. Heterogeneity of patients’ profiles, methods to evaluate OD as well as period of assessment (3,12) may explain the variability of these results and thus the difficulties to establish reliable comparisons.
Patterns of self-reported recovery from chemosensory dysfunction following SARS-CoV-2 infection: insights after 1 year of the pandemic
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Dakheelallah M. Almutairi, Abdulaziz H. Almalki, Ahmad A. Mirza, Mohammed J. Khalifah, Ammar A. Aljefri, Khalid A. Alsalmi, Majid S. Al-Thaqafy, Mohammed A. Algarni
COVID-19-induced chemosensory dysfunction can range in severity from hyposmia/hypogeusia (mild smell and taste disturbances) to anosmia/ageusia. Furthermore, chemosensory dysfunction is associated with less severe cases of COVID-19 [4] and has been more frequently observed in young patients [5]. The median duration of 7 days for both OD and GD in asymptomatic individuals or in mild cases of COVID-19 was first reported in a Korean study [5]. Subsequent studies found that the above mentioned symptoms persist for a mean duration of 10 days [6] and for 18 or 16 days for men and women, respectively [7]. Most patients seem to experience complete resolution of OD by 6 months [8]. Another presentation of COVID-19-associated chemosensory dysfunction is parosmia (distortion of smell), which can present with anosmia or hyposmia. The prevalence of parosmia is estimated at 11–42% in COVID-19 patients with OD [8,9].
Relative frequencies of symptoms and risk factors among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps using a case-control study
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2018
Anton Bohman, Martin Oscarsson, Kenneth Holmberg, Leif Johansson, Eva Millqvist, Salmir Nasic, Mats Bende
A question was asked concerning olfactory sensitivity, How do you rate your ability to detect weak odours?, validated by Nordin et al. [11]. The answer alternatives were: normal, better than normal and worse than normal [12]. Only those who answered ‘worse than normal’ were classified with impaired sense of smell. Parosmia was identified by the question: Do you ever smell something, for example a rose or an orange, that should have a smell that you know, but instead, you smell a different odour, an off odour, a bad odour or a burning odour? [13]. The reason for asking about parosmia in a time-wise more general respect, rather than referring to a specific moment, was that parosmia is a condition that tends to fluctuate [14].