China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Hearing protection and communication
Published in Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol, Handbook of Aviation and Space Medicine, 2019
Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol
Output from talker: Speech (pressure wave) is converted to electrical signal by a microphone; common types used in aircraft are: Mask mounted microphones (used in most fast jets).Noise-cancelling boom microphones (used in rotary and transport aircraft).Louder talkers produce higher SNRs.As noise at talker’s ear increases, talking levels tend to increase (Lombard effect): Side-tone signals feed speech signal back to talker’s ear, adjusted in level, to control voice output.
The Professional Voice
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Declan Costello, Meredydd Harries
The style of singing undertaken can have a profound effect on the ability of a performer to sustain their vocal instrument: singing in the musical theatre style, for example, has a tendency to be very vocally demanding, with a high ‘closed quotient’ (the vocal folds being closed for a large proportion of the vibratory cycle). The same can be said of many styles of rock and pop singing. In the popular music genre, there is the additional problem of the Lombard effect, i.e. the tendency to increase vocal intensity in response to increased background noise. In the absence of any auditory feedback, singers tend to over-sing and generate ever more strained patterns of laryngeal muscle usage.1
All about Foreign Accent Syndrome
Published in Jack Ryalls, Nick Miller, Foreign Accent Syndromes, 2014
Changes of psychiatric origin can sometimes be uncovered through their response to various manipulations of speech known to influence it in particular ways – e.g. use of delayed auditory feedback, white noise masking (to induce a Lombard effect, involuntary raising of voice intensity against background noise), speech rate control, use of bite block (see below). Typically problems of purely psychogenic origin either fail to respond to these interventions as expected or the reactions are totally out of keeping with predicted modifications to speech – unless the speaker is well-rehearsed in practical phonetics and familiar with the motor speech disorder literature – a fact that must not be overlooked in some highly skilled, consciously intentional feigners.
The Lombard effect associated with Chinese male alaryngeal speech
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2019
Manwa L. Ng, Gloria C. K. Tsang
The Lombard effect refers to the tendency of a speaker to unconsciously elevate his/her vocal intensity when speaking with loud background noise (e.g. Bottalico, Passione, Graetzer, & Hunter, 2017; Junqua, 1993; Lane & Tranel, 1971). This phenomenon is often experienced by someone involved in conversation that takes place in a noisy environment such as on a train or at a party, and is also known as the cocktail party effect. In fact, the Lombard effect is not found just in humans, but also in other species such as anurans and birds (Brumm & Zollinger, 2011; Zollinger & Brumm, 2011). According to Lane and Tranel (1971), the Lombard effect could be explained by two loops of internal activity – the private loop and the public loop. The private loop refers to the monitoring of direct feedback from tactile and proprioceptive interoceptors. Under loud noise environment, the speaker hears himself/herself less due to the reduction in signal-to-noise ratio and the private loop works to make the necessary physiological changes to increase vocal intensity (Zeine & Brandt, 1988). The public loop monitors the feedback from the listener by the exteroceptors. Speakers tend to unconsciously raise their vocal loudness in a noisy environment as an attempt to be heard by others and to communicate with each other (Lane & Tranel, 1971).
Work-related communicative profile of radio broadcasters: a case study
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2019
Lady Catherine Cantor-Cutiva, Pasquale Bottalico, Eric Hunter
On the other hand, occupational voice use under high noisy conditions may lead to overuse or misuse of the voice, and therefore to develop voice disorders [2]. In the presence of noise, the voice is masked, and its production should be modified to guarantee the success of the communication process. The vocal response by a talker to the background noise conditions of a space is called Lombard effect [16,55]. Among occupational voice users, a Swedish study in 10 daycare centers found that working under mean background noise levels of 76 dB(A) caused teachers to speak on average 9.1 dB louder and with higher mean Fo during work as compared to the baseline [56]. Therefore, although our results suggest that noise levels during radio broadcasting were below the national and international standards, occupational voice use under these background noise conditions may cause higher vocal effort, and as consequence vocal fatigue or other voice disorders may appear. Future studies with bigger sample sizes are needed to confirm our results.
Long-term effects of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment on daily voice use in Parkinson’s disease as measured with a portable voice accumulator
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2019
Joakim Körner Gustafsson, Maria Södersten, Sten Ternström, Ellika Schalling
It has been shown that speakers generally have an involuntary tendency to increase vocal effort to improve intelligibility when speaking in loud environmental noise. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as the Lombard effect (23). The Swedish Work Environment Authority’s guidelines for speech in noise describe that a normal voice sound level can be used to make oneself heard at a distance of 1 m when the environmental noise level is 55 dB. When the environmental noise level reaches 70 dB a loud voice is needed to be intelligible at distance of 1 m (24). Several studies have looked at how variations in environmental noise effect speech regulation in PD (6,25–27). In most studies, individuals with PD have been shown to react to increased environmental noise in a similar way as healthy speakers do on a group level. There are however exceptions where individuals with PD fail to regulate voice sound level in response to increased environmental noise (26,27). In a study by Ho et al. (6), it was shown that individuals with PD did not react to implicit cues following increased environmental noise, but they were able to increase their voice intensity in response to explicit cues, such as verbal instructions to increase effort and intensity. The variations in findings may be a result of individual differences in the ability to regulate intensity, or a result of the fact that the different levels of environmental noise imposed on the speakers varied greatly between studies.