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Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
Masking refers to the occlusion of one STIMULUS by another: it is a term usually qualified by a sensory domain—auditory masking or visual masking for instance. Backward masking is said to occur when the mask appears after the target stimulus; forward masking occurs when the mask is presented before. Brightness masking involves presentation of a bright light which makes perception of the target difficult; pattern masking involves presentation of a complex pattern (in whatever sensory modality). Metacontrast masking involves the brief presentation of a target followed by a mask which occupies the space around where the target was (it follows the target's contours). Paracontrast masking is the same as metacontrast masking except that the mask is presented before the target.
An exploratory investigation of speech recognition thresholds in noise with auralisations of two reverberant rooms
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2021
Antti Kuusinen, Eero Saariniemi, Ville Sivonen, Aarno Dietz, Antti A. Aarnisalo, Tapio Lokki
Another probable reason for the lack of differences between the test conditions for NH listeners is the decision to follow the clinical guidelines of FMST and to target the 50% recognition rate. At the level of 50% of SRT, the SNR in FMST is expected to be as low as −9.7 dB for NH listeners. At such a low SNR level, reverberation may not have any effect on recognition performance because its effects are masked by the noise. Figure 5 illustrates the reductions in modulation depth at different modulation frequencies by depicting the modulation transfer ratios (MTRs) at different SNR levels. MTRs form the basis for calculating the STI. These calculations are made with the functions provided in the AARAE toolbox by Cabrera, Jimenez, and Martens (2014a; Cabrera et al. 2014b), and they are based on RIRs and octave band SPLs of the speech and the interfering noise signals. RIRs are used to derive the modulation transfer functions (MTFs), and octave band SPLs are used to estimate the effects of SNR, auditory masking and auditory thresholds on the MTF. SPLs are derived computationally using the standard 20 µPa as the reference SPL value, and they are not based on actual measurements.
Calibration and initial validation of a low-cost computer-based screening audiometer coupled to consumer insert phone-earmuff combination for boothless audiometry
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2022
Kumar Seluakumaran, Majdina N. Shaharudin
Also shown in Figure 1 is the lowest possible detection threshold (LPDT) computed from the floor noise level (see Supplemental digital content 4) and the subjects’ minimum threshold (Min Th) at individual test frequencies obtained from Table 1. The calculation of LPDT is based on the fundamental concept in auditory masking where the detection threshold of a pure tone represents a fixed ratio (critical ratio) above the spectrum level of the masker (i.e. floor noise) (Killion 1976). At all test frequencies, the derived LPDTs and measured Min Ths were both below the eardrum MAP and audiometric RETSPLs suggesting that the floor noise is not a limiting factor for CBA threshold measurements down to 0 dB HL, possibly even at negative dB HL values.
Orienting Attention to Auditory and Visual Short-term Memory: The Roles of Age, Hearing Loss, and Cognitive Status
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2020
Linda Garami, Ricky Chow, Ayomide Fakuade, Swathi Swaminathan, Claude Alain
Retro-cue paradigms involving higher order attention manipulations may tap into both perceptual and cognitive levels of processing; such manipulations include increasing set size, employing visual-auditory masking, or using proactive/retroactive interference – as in many previous studies (e.g., Gazzaley & Nobre, 2012). The paradigm and stimuli used in this study were designed to investigate the influence of age and hearing loss on reflective attention to VSTM and ASTM using an array that placed low perceptual demand. Stimuli were made to be easily segregated and lack semantic content, and the cognitive load was kept within working memory capacity for older adults.