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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Wells and Thomas (1927) describe an accessory muscle of posterior cricoarytenoid that is referred to as the superior cricoarytenoid muscle by Maranillo and Sanudo (2016). It originated from the superior part of the left lamina of the cricoid cartilage, just lateral to the median ridge. The muscle coursed superiorly and laterally over the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles. It inserted on the right side of the larynx into the apex of the arytenoid cartilage and the mucous membrane of the aryepiglottic fold, with some fibers inserting into the transverse arytenoid (Wells and Thomas 1927; Maranillo and Sanudo 2016).
The respiratory system and exercise
Published in John W. Dickinson, James H. Hull, Complete Guide to Respiratory Care in Athletes, 2020
The laryngeal inlet represents a ‘bottleneck’ to airflow and is the last structure where there is common passage of both food and air; the lungs being protected from aspiration via the glottis. The larynx contains the vocal cords, which in conjunction with arytenoid cartilage, are used to produce sound for speech. During normal function these structures do not impact ventilation during exercise. However, in some individuals these structures may function abnormally to restrict the flow of air in and out of the lungs during strenuous exercise. Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) is now recognised to be highly prevalent in adolescent athletes with some studies indicating up to one in ten young athletes may have this condition, causing breathing difficulties during exercise (see Chapter 9).
Anatomy as Applied to Transoral Surgery
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Mark Puvanendran, Andrew Harris
Posteriorly the vocal cords attach to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages (see Figure 23.11). The arytenoid cartilages are pyramidal in shape, having a forward projection already mentioned, the vocal process, and a lateral projection, the muscular process to which the posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricothyroid muscles attach. These paired cricoarytenoid units are the main functional elements of the larynx involved in speech and swallowing and thus at least one unit must be preserved if meaningful laryngeal function is to be maintained. Two corniculate cartilages articulate with the apices of the arytenoid cartilages. Within the aryepiglottic folds sit two small cuneiform cartilages.
Application of digital modeling and three-dimensional printing of titanium mesh for reconstruction of thyroid cartilage in partial laryngectomy
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Hao Tian, Shuichao Gao, Jianjun Yu, Xiao Zhou, Xing Chen, Liang Zuo, Xu Cai, Bo Song, Kun Yu
A number of procedures in the modified CHEP may increase the risk and level of aspiration. Firstly, resection of thyroid cartilage leads to the loss of cartilage support and deformation of the larynx cavity. Second, arytenoid cartilage was dislocated due to the suture of mucosa margins aiming to close the wound after resection of primary laryngeal tumor. Third, the procedures may cause food to more likely fall into the throat and trachea because of changes in the positions of the larynx and oropharynx, and upward movement of residual larynx after undergoing the modified CHEP. The proposed surgical method used a personalized titanium mesh to reconstruct the thyroid cartilage and ensure the support of the larynx. In this way, reconstructed larynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx did not shift to their original positions. Strap muscles were utilized to reconstruct a soft tissue defect of larynx to maintain the normal position and activity of the arytenoid cartilage. These improvements can significantly reduce the incidence of aspiration, relieve postoperative pain, and shorten the recovery time.
The relationship between posterior pharyngeal wall thickness and swallowing function after radiation therapy
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Lisa M. Evangelista, Ahmed Bayoumi, Brandon A. Dyer, Rakendu P. Shukla, Shyam D. Rao, Peter C. Belafsky
Objective measures of posterior pharyngeal wall thickness, pharyngeal area and the pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR) were made in the lateral plane on the VFSS image. Posterior pharyngeal wall thickness and pharyngeal area were measured on the 1 mL ‘hold’ position. Posterior pharyngeal wall thickness was measured at the level of the mid-body of the third vertebrae (Figure 1). For pharyngeal area, measurement began at the posterior pharyngeal wall anterior to the tubercle of the atlas following inferiorly to the floor of the hypopharynx. From the hypopharynx, the anterior-inferior boundary was traced from the posterior arytenoid to the surface of the arytenoid cartilages, proceeding to the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis and into the valleculae coursing upwards along the base of tongue. The anterior-superior landmark ends at the velum. The PCR, a surrogate measure for pharyngeal constriction, is a ratio of the pharyngeal area at maximum constriction on 20 mL liquid barium bolus divided by the pharyngeal area on a 1 mL ‘hold’ position.
Regularity of voice recovery and arytenoid motion after closed reduction in patients with arytenoid dislocation: a self-controlled clinical study
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Tingting Zheng, Zhewei Lou, Xiaxia Li, Yaoshu Teng, Yun Li, Xiaojiang Lin, Zhihong Lin
All patients were received oropharyngeal and laryngopharyngeal mucosa surface anesthesia before closed reduction under indirect laryngoscope. All operations were implemented by the same doctor. Laryngeal forceps were placed on the outside of arytenoid cartilage, inside of the pyriform sinus, immersed to the bottom of the pyriform sinus. Anterior dislocations were reduced with posterior-upward push on the arytenoids during phonation and posterior dislocations with anterior–upward push during inspiration. The procedure was performed no more than three times, repeated after one week unless the bilateral arytenoid cartilage was almost symmetrical, bowed vocal fold straighten in anterior dislocations and both vocal folds were of equal length in posterior dislocations. The patients were encouraged to talk more and make a voice while shaking the neck larynx from left to right. All patients tolerated the procedure well.