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The gastrointestinal system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Sharon J. White, Francis A. Carey
The most frequent viral infection of the oral epithelium is caused by herpes simplex virus types I and II. Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis is characterized by extensive painful ulceration and occasionally generalized upset. Secondary or recurrent herpetic lesions are more common, especially at mucocutaneous junctions around the lips (herpes labialis or ‘cold sores’) and nose, where the initially vesicular phase is followed by ulceration and crusting. Herpes zoster can also affect the mouth and oral lesions caused by Coxsackievirus infection are seen in herpangina, and hand, foot, and mouth disease. Oral hairy leukoplakia, most cases of which occur in immunocompromised individuals, is due to Epstein–Barr virus infection.
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Published in Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla, Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla
There is no unifying pathogenetic mechanism which is able to account for the high frequency of a variety of hematologic malignancies which are characteristic of AIDS. A role for Epstein-Barr virus (EB V) has been suggested in at least some of these cancers, particularly those of B cell origin. The number of circulating EBV-infected B cells is often increased in AIDS patients. A benign squamous cell proliferation associated with EBV known as oral hairy leukoplakia is also seen frequently in AIDS. Some of the instances of progressive generalized lymphadenopathy, which has a component of polyclonal B cell proliferation, may also be due to EBV. However, a primary role for HIV has also been suggested. The genetic translocations characteristic of B cell lymphomas and leukemias (see Chapter 12) are also seen in AIDS.
Head and neck
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Erythroplakia has a 50% risk of transformation and can be considered as an in situ SCC. It tends to affects the ‘sump’ areas of the oral cavity. There are two main types: Uniform white plaques (homogeneous) with low malignant potential.Verrucous leukoplakia with more malignant potential.Some are mixed white and red (speckled or erythroleukoplakia).‘Hairy’ leukoplakia is an unusual form seen mostly in HIV-positive patients. It is associated with opportunistic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and seems to have a very low risk of malignant transformation with a tendency to spontaneous resolution, particularly when the underlying disease is treated. There are some trials with antiviral therapy, podophyllin, tretinoin and cryotherapy.
Oral environment and taste function of Japanese HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
T. Shintani, T. Fujii, N. Yamasaki, M. Kitagawa, T. Iwata, S. Saito, M. Okada, I. Ogawa, H. Unei, K. Hamamoto, M. Nakaoka, H. Kurihara, H. Shiba
Microorganisms are easy to grow in the oral environment that has a decreased ability to produce a normal immune response and less saliva. Such a deteriorated oral environment may be involved in the onset of oral candidiasis, angular cheilitis, and oral hairy leukoplakia (Berberi & Aoun, 2017; Berberi & Noujeim, 2015). In addition, oral candidiasis may elicit soreness in the oral cavity and taste disorders (Baccaglini et al., 2007). The present results showed that taste abnormalities and xerostomia were observed in the all three types of medication groups, suggesting that the combinations of anti-HIV medicines and HIV infection itself may also affect xerostomia and taste disorders.
Lichen sclerosus of the oral mucosa: clinical and histopathological findings. Review of the literature and a case report
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Anna-Maija Matela, Jaana Hagström, Hellevi Ruokonen
Leukoplakia is a clinical term defining a white plaque that cannot be categorized as any other disease. They are premalignant lesions, especially proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Oral hairy leukoplakia has a viral aetiology and is seen in immunosuppressed patients. It is not associated with the malignancy. In leukoplakia, histopathological findings include hyperkeratosis, dysplasia, acanthosis, atrophy and inflammation. Basal cell liquefaction, bands of lymphocyte infiltration and scantiness of elastic fibres are not seen in oral hairy leukoplakia as in oral LS [18,40].
Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Complications and Prophylaxis Strategies
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2023
Aleksandra Śledzińska, Paulina Śledzińska, Marek Bebyn, Oskar Komisarek
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may cause local and systemic infection and benign and malignant disease in the orofacial region. This includes infectious mononucleosis, oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (116). EBV may cause ulcers, lymphoproliferative syndromes, or OHL in immunosuppressed individuals and after HCT (117). OHL is a benign lesion that manifests as white, vertical, corrugated patches, particularly on the tongue’s lateral margins (118).