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Canker Sores /Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) / Oral Aphthosis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Canker sores are the most common oral ulcerative condition encountered in clinical practice. The lesions occur on the soft tissues in the mouth or at the base of the gums. They present as recurrent small, round, or ovoid shallow craters or ulcers with yellow or white floors that are surrounded by erythematous (reddened) halos. These painful sores make eating and talking difficult. The treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is nonspecific and is based primarily on empirical data. In most cases, treatment is not necessary for minor canker sores, which tend to clear on their own in a week or two.1
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Dyclonine is a member of the piperidines with local anesthetic effect. This agent is used to provide topical anesthesia of accessible mucous membranes prior to examination, endoscopy or instrumentation, or other procedures involving the esophagus, larynx, mouth, pharynx or throat, respiratory tract or trachea, urinary tract, or vagina. Dyclonine is also used to suppress the gag reflex and/or other laryngeal and esophageal reflexes to facilitate dental examination or procedures (including oral surgery), endoscopy, or intubation. Another indication is for relief of canker sores (aphthosis stomatis) or cold sores/fever blisters (herpes simplex infection). Preparations containing dyclonine may be available over-the-counter (1,2). In pharmaceutical products, dyclonine is employed as dyclonine hydrochloride (CAS number 536-43-6, EC number 208-633-6, molecular formula C18H28ClNO2) (1).
The Challenge of Parasite Control
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2015
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Malarone® is not without side effects. Sleep disturbances are commonly reported, as are canker sores and headaches. Yet these are usually infrequent or mild enough that Malarone® is now widely used for malaria prophylaxis.
GRK2 and GRK5 as therapeutic targets and their role in maladaptive and pathological cardiac hypertrophy
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2019
Amlexanox is a small molecular inhibitor of GRK5 with an IC50 of 8.86 µM. Amlexanox was previously marketed as a topical paste to treat canker sores due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and immune modulating abilities through IκB kinase ε binding. It is no longer available in the US. However, in a drug screen by Homan et al. amlexanox was found to have weak selective binding to GRK5 at the micromolar range [80]. In NRVMs, treatment with amlexanox was able to block PE-induced and GRK5-induced MEF2 activation. Crystal structures of GRK5 with amlexanox are unavailable, but structures with GRK1 reveal amlexanox makes multiple hydrogen bonds with the kinase domain (Thr265 and Met267). In a cellular model of cardiac hypertrophy induced by urotensin II, amlexanox was able to inhibit increases in cell size. Amlexanox was also able to inhibit GRK5 mediated HDAC5 phosphorylation at serine 493, which preserved HDAC5 nuclear expression [60]. Currently, there are no published studies using amlexanox as a treatment for in vivo cardiac hypertrophy
Investigating the Modifications of Sugar Perception and Consumption in Cancer Patients
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
Flore Depeint, Claude-Narcisse Niamba, Anne-Kathrin Illner, Cécile Buche-Foissy, Julie Branchu, Hassan Younes, Christelle Loncke, Philippe R. Pouillart
Dietary behavior typically changes during cancer and its advanced stages (1). A cluster of different treatment-related symptoms can alter, impede, or even prevent oral intake of food. According to the individual situations, patients can experience swallowing difficulties, dental receding, canker sores, gingivitis, a drying mouth, bowel and stomach pain, nausea, cognitive problems, constipation or, conversely, diarrhea (2). Chewing, swallowing, and dysphagia alterations aggravated other side effects and are associated with a substantial decrease of energy intake, thus having an important nutritional and health impact (3,4). A study on the quality of the hospital food service in cancer care units showed that the patients turned away from fat, bitter, acid, or metallic flavored main courses, as well as smells of roasting and frying depending on the side effects they experienced (5,6). Malnourished cancer patients treated by chemotherapy experience more episodes of toxicity (7). Clinicians believe that the effectiveness of chemotherapy in these patients is affected, toxicity increased and the prognosis aggravated (8,9). This essentially iatrogenic undernutrition could be responsible for 5–25% of deaths in cancer patients (10).
Radiotherapy-induced severe oral mucositis: pharmacotherapies in recent and current clinical trials
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Alessandro Villa, Stephen T. Sonis
Severe OM (SOM) is characterized by multiple deep and diffuse ulcerations of the oral mucosa. Compared to common oral ulcers like those associated with aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) or local trauma, the lesions associated with SOM are diffuse and deep. As a result, the pain associated with SOM is so severe that it interferes with function, sleep, and speech. Symptoms are so intense that patients often require opioids for pain control (not infrequently with only marginal effect), and result in emergency room visits and hospital admission. Perhaps most significantly, patients’ inability to tolerate SOM can be associated with modifications in their cancer treatment regimen which jeopardizes a favorable tumor response [3,4].