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Photothermal Lasers
Published in Anita Prasad, Laser Techniques in Ophthalmology, 2022
The OCT scan has become central to decision-making in treatment of maculopathy. It documents and quantifies the maculopathy (measures central retinal thickness). Central retinal thickness (CRT) is a better indicator of disease severity and outcome than vision alone.Helps select appropriate treatment, based on OCT parameters of maculopathy.Compares ‘before and after’ images to judge the effectiveness of treatment.Identifies other macular or retinal changes, which may affect prognosis.OCT documentation allows monitoring of disease trend to help decide if a switch in treatment is necessary.
Ophthalmology
Published in Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan, Essential Notes for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2021
Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan
Occurs in virtually all type I diabetics after 15–20 years and 80% of type II diabetics (» 10% at diagnosis and 50% at 10 years). Commonest cause of blindness in developed world in 30–60 year olds. Normally classified as: Background: microaneurysms; dot, blot and flame haemorrhages; hard exudates.Pre-proliferative: as for background + cotton wool spots; dilation and beading of veins; and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMAs).Proliferative: neovascularisation, vitreous haemorrhage, retinal detachment, glaucoma (rubeosis iridis). Maculopathy = retinopathy involving the macula, therefore likely to cause visual loss even with less severe disease: typically causes poor central vision with relatively intact peripheral vision.
Answers
Published in Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield, The Complete SAQ Study Guide, 2019
Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield
Diabetic eye disease is most commonly manifested as diabetic retinopathy. There are characteristic changes associated with this. It travels through the stages of background retinopathy denoted as presence of microaneurysms. Preproliferative retinopathy is denoted by cotton wool spots and flame-shaped haemorrhages, which mark the presence of ischaemia at the retina. Finally, proliferative retinopathy is denoted by the presence of new vessels at or around the optic disc. Maculopathy can also be present. Treatment for diabetic retinopathy is by panretinal photocoagulation with the aim of causing a regression in the new blood vessels. Diabetics are at high risk of many other eye conditions, and good glycaemic control is the aim for prevention of these occurring.
Distribution of the Retinal Microcirculation Based on the Morphology of the Optic Nerve Head in High Myopia
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2023
Wenquan Tang, YuLin Luo, Xuanchu Duan
On the other hand, the choroidal capillary provides the main vascular supply for the DMVD, while the SMVD is derived from the central artery of the retina. We further discovered that reduced SFCT values were associated with higher odds of the tilted optic discs’ occurrence, but there were not as such observations as with FAZ and MVD. So FAZ remained stable during the realization of this study. Also, it contains photoreceptors responsible for visual sensitivity and central visual acuity. Its size and shape partly reflect the status of the macular microcirculation, which is most likely associated with maculopathy.16 Other reports have shown that altered retinal degeneration caused by HM can lead to FAZ enlargement, shedding capillaries, and reduction of macular microcirculation.17 As previously described, most of the oxygen supplied to the FAZ comes from the choroid rather than the retinal circulation. We found small changes in the SFCT. Perhaps FAZ significantly changes when the choroid occurs with extreme atrophy. Therefore, it can be inferred that the choroid’s structure and functional stability have a critical effect on FAZ. In that sense, Sun et al. also found that FAZ were not noticeable in the early phase of HM.18 In another report, Yilmaz et al. l discovered a significantly negative correlation between AI and age.19
‘Poppers Maculopathy’ and the adverse ophthalmic outcomes from the recreational use of alkyl nitrate inhalants: a systematic review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2023
Caleb Bartolo, Konstandina Koklanis, Meri Vukicevic
Consistent with the literature, this research found that a diagnosis of poppers maculopathy encompasses a decline in VA or visual disturbances secondary to foveal damage seen on SD-OCT and fundoscopy in association with a focused patient drug history. Anatomical changes are more readily identified on fundoscopy, with a bilateral yellow foveal spot commonly observed as a supporting feature of the maculopathy. SD-OCT also appears to be a useful imaging modality for diagnosing poppers maculopathy with the most common anatomical feature presenting as a disturbance in the sub-foveal ellipsoid layer. A previous case series by Van Bol et al.50 reported observations of three distinct phenotypes of maculopathy in 39 patients. The phenotypes included a sub-foveal disturbance of the ellipsoid layer, vitelliform-like lesion and micro-hole, which may aid clinicians in easier diagnosis. The use of FF-ERG, MF-ERG, FAF, FFA and VF appears to be less useful diagnostic tools.
Inter-Eye Comparison in Highly Myopic Patients with Unilateral Myopic Traction Maculopathy
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Jiaxin Tian, Yue Qi, Yinghan Zhang, Caixia Lin, Ningli Wang
Currently, many studies have analyzed the risk factors and pathogenesis of MTM by comparing highly myopic eyes with and without the tractional component.6,11 Pathological myopia might be manifested in different types of maculopathy, like some eyes presenting serious myopic atrophy maculopathy (MAM) and some eyes presenting serious MTM. A general comparison might confound the various factors in different types of maculopathy. Besides, the molecular and systemic diversity is difficult to be observed or adjusted. An inter-eye comparison for asymmetric ocular features in both eyes could directly reflect the major morphological factors associated with MTM and, to some extent, exclude the effect of molecular and systemic diversity. Therefore, we performed the study in patients with unilateral MTM to explicitly explore the mechanism and relevant risk factors.