China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Clinical Examination in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Selvakumar Ambika, Krishnakumar Padmalakshmi
Any patient with extraocular motility abnormality has to be watched for abnormal head posture. Both ductions and versions should be tested and limitation of movements recorded in all nine gazes (Figure 1.10). A subjective scale from +4 to −4 (+ indicates overaction and − indicates underaction) is used as it is helpful in the follow-up of patients with paralytic squint. Ocular misalignment can be horizontal or vertical. Horizontal can be eso- or exodeviations. Exodeviation (Exophoria/Exotropia) indicates outward deviation of the non-fixating eye and esodeviation (esophoria/esotropia) indicates an inward deviation of non-fixating eye. Tropia is a manifest squint, whereas phoria is latent and manifests when fusion is interrupted. Vertical misalignment can be hyper- or hypodeviation. In hypertropia, the non-fixating eye is higher, and in hypotropia, it is lower.
Binocular vision after refractive surgery in hyperopic patients
Published in Jan-Tjeerd de Faber, 28th European Strabismological Association Meeting, 2020
R Gómez-de-Liaño, E. Piedrahita, A. Arias-Puente
Patients without strabismus had similar BV as the preoperative situation with the three tests in 71,42% of the cases. (Graph 3, 5 and 6). 3 patients suppressed partially. 3 patients deteriorated their estereopsis and 2 their fusional amplitude. 2 Patients ameliorate their estereopsis and 9 their fusional amplitude. Improvement of BV was related with VA improvement (C=0,562, p=0.019). At the ocular motility examination patients without previous strabismus were stable after refractive surgery with small changes in a similar trend towards esophoria or Exophoria. (Graph 7). They were not symptomatic, but in one case referring to transitory asthenopia in the first postoperative months.
Strabismus
Published in Mostafa Khalil, Omar Kouli, The Duke Elder Exam of Ophthalmology, 2019
Ahmed Hassane, Rizwan Malik, Obaid Kousha
Deviation of the eye that is hidden by fusion and revealed when fusion is broken, for example, with an alternating cover test. Esophoria: Inward deviation of the eyeExophoria: Outward deviation of the eye
Prevalence of binocular vision dysfunctions in professional football players
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Jorge Jorge, Alberto Diaz-Rey, Madalena Lira
Garcia-Muñoz et al.25 found a total prevalence of binocular vision and accommodative dysfunctions of 13.15%, with convergence insufficiency, with a prevalence of 3.43%, and convergence excess, with a prevalence of 2.29%, as the most frequent dysfunctions. These values differ from the values found in the present study, where the total prevalence of the dysfunctions found was 36.4%. This value is within the values reported by Porcar et al.,27 who found an overall prevalence of binocular vision dysfunctions of 32.3%. However, in the present work, the most prevalent dysfunctions were related to exophoria and accommodative excess, while a higher prevalence of binocular vision dysfunctions related to esophoria (13.0%). In another study conducted in a clinical population, Hoseini-Yazdni et al.28 reported a prevalence of binocular vision dysfunctions of 14.5% in young Arab adults, which is substantially lower than the value reported here.
Binocular vision disorders in a geriatric population
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Hassan Hashemi, Payam Nabovati, Abbas Ali Yekta, Mohammadreza Agha Mirsalim, Shokoofeh Rafati, Hadi Ostadimoghaddam, Mehdi Khabazkhoob
In the present study, the highest prevalence of near exophoria was related to the age group 70-74 years, but the prevalence of near exophoria did not show a clear pattern with increasing age. In the study by Pickwell et al., the near exophoria increased slightly up to the age of 60 years, and then a more marked increase was observed after this age.39 In another study by Hashemi et al., a significant increase in the prevalence of near exophoria was found after the age of 60 years.41 It should be noted that an age-related increase in near exophoria up to the age of 60 years is expected due to progressive presbyopic changes and a gradual increase in near addition. After this age – since the process of presbyopia and its effects on binocularity has stabilised and the amount of near addition has reached its maximum level – exophoria may no longer be closely related to age.
Correlation of saccade amplitude during refusion with the fusional convergence amplitude in patients with intermittent exotropia
Published in Strabismus, 2022
Ken Kakeue, Miharu Mihara, Ryoi Tamura, Atsushi Hayashi
ntermittent exotropia (IXT) can present as exotropia and exophoria in various situations. When exotropia appears, it presents as diplopia or visual suppression in the exodeviated eye with strabismus whereas exophoria presents as normal stereopsis. It is believed that IXT causes abnormal sensory and motor fusion.1–3 Evaluation of the fusion in IXT is thus very important. There are a variety of methods to evaluate sensory and/or motor fusion, including the assessment of the fusion amplitude (range) and the maintenance of phoria, and the determination of the phoria control score. For diagnosis of IXT, the cover-uncover test and the alternate cover test are essential. In patients undergoing the cover-uncover test, recovery speed and the presence or absence of spontaneous exotropia and fusion instability have been examined.4–6