China
Africa
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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Oxyphenbutazone is a pyrazolidine nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and a hydroxylated and active metabolite of phenylbutazone. Oxyphenbutazone eye drops have been used in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. This NSAID was formerly used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. It was withdrawn in the mid-1980s in most countries but is apparently still available in China (www.drugs.com). The name oxyphenbutazone is also used for oxyphenbutazone monohydrate (CAS 7081-38-1, EC number not available, molecular formula C19H22N2O4), which is (or was) the usual form in drugs (1).
Ophthalmic Emergencies
Published in Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan, Emergency Medicine, 2020
Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan
The eye is locally red in episcleritis, and diffusely red and tender with reflex tearing, but minimal discharge in scleritis. Progression to scleral thickening and discolouration then eyeball perforation may occur in scleritis.
Cyclospora cayetanensis: Portrait of an Intriguing and Enigmatic Protistan Parasite
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Annunziata Giangaspero, Robin B. Gasser
Extra-intestinal forms of Cyclospora infection include biliary diseases, acalculous cholecystitis, Guillair-Barré syndrome and reactive arthritis syndrome (previously known as Reiter syndrome). The latter is characterized by ocular inflammation (conjunctivitis, iritis and episcleritis). However, inflammatory oligoarthritis, and sterile urethritis in HIV-positive and AIDS patients after diarrheal illness by Cyclospora have also been reported. These forms are thought to occur several weeks after a “triggering” infection by Cyclospora [170,175–179].
Sustained Remission with Tocilizumab in Refractory Relapsing Polychondritis with Ocular Involvement: A Case Series
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Rebecca Farhat, Gaël Clavel, Delphine Villeneuve, Youssef Abdelmassih, Marwan Sahyoun, Eric Gabison, Thomas Sené, Isabelle Cochereau, Cherif Titah
Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent, widespread, and potentially destructive inflammation of the cartilaginous tissue.1 Its incidence is estimated to be around 3.5/1,000,000/year. All types of cartilage may be involved: the elastic cartilage of the nose and ear, the hyaline cartilage of tracheobronchial tree, and proteoglycan-rich structure like the eye are some examples. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical criteria, McAdam’s criteria. It includes six clinical features: auricular chondritis, non-erosive, seronegative inflammatory polyarthritis, nasal chondritis, ocular inflammation, respiratory tract chondritis, and cochlear and/or vestibular dysfunction. To confirm RP diagnosis, one must have any of the following one McAdam’s criterion plus histopathological confirmation or two McAdam criteria and positive response to corticosteroids or dapsone or at least three McAdam’s criteria.1,2 Ocular involvement is frequent and found in up to 51% of cases with episcleritis and scleritis being the most common.3,4 RP is usually treated with steroids and conventional immunosuppressant, or antitumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) agents.5 However, it is not clear what should be the next therapeutic option in refractory cases.
Efficacy and safety of bromfenac 0.075% formulated in DuraSite for pain and inflammation in cataract surgery
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Scott M Wentz, Francis Price, Alon Harris, Brent Siesky, Thomas Ciulla
Bromfenac sodium (sodium 2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)phenylacetate sesquihydrate) (Box 1) is a topical ophthalmic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used especially for mitigating post-operative pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery [6]. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production via blockade of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 enzymes, but with much more affinity to COX-2 [7]. COX-2 predominantly mediates inflammation, whereas COX-1 sustains homeostasis in the kidneys, platelets, and stomach [8,9]. Inhibition of COX-2 reduces local levels of specific prostaglandins, prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin, which normally incite local vasodilation, pain, and increased vasopermeability [10]. Other factors that are affected by prostaglandins include altering intraocular pressure and producing miosis [11–14]. By inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, topical ophthalmic NSAIDs are used frequently in the peri-operative cataract surgery setting to facilitate control and prevention of pain, inflammation, and post-operative inflammation-mediated pseudophakic CME [3–5]. Additionally, topical ophthalmic NSAIDs may also be used as adjunctive treatment for episcleritis or scleritis. However, the mainstay treatment for scleritis is oral NSAIDs, and, in episcleritis, cool compresses, artificial tears or observation is usually all that is required. A topical ophthalmic NSAID or topical corticosteroid may be used if the patient has some discomfort [15].
Ocular Inflammation Associated with Polymyalgia Rheumatica without Concomitant Giant-Cell Arteritis: A Report of Three Cases
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Takahiro Arai, Rie Tanaka, Toshikatsu Kaburaki
A 65-year-old female with bilateral shoulder pain, generalized myalgia, and stiffness lasting >1 h was diagnosed with PMR by a rheumatologist. She had an elevated C-reactive protein level of 2.12 mg/dl, but rheumatoid factor, cyclic citrullinated peptide, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic, and antinuclear antibody titers were negative. She did not have any symptoms that were suggestive of giant-cell arteritis, and ultrasound examination of the temporal arteries did not reveal specific findings. Oral prednisolone at 10 mg/day was initiated, and her clinical symptoms rapidly improved. Twenty-one months later, during prednisolone tapering (3.5 mg/day), the patient presented with bilateral episcleritis, which resolved after topical application of 0.1% fluorometholone eye drops. The patient experienced a single episode of PMR flare that occurred 1 month before the onset of episcleritis. Episcleritis did not recur afterward. The patient was taking prednisolone at 3 mg/day at her last visit.