China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Management of endophthalmitis
Published in A Peyman MD Gholam, A Meffert MD Stephen, D Conway MD FACS Mandi, Chiasson Trisha, Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques, 2019
Mandi D Conway, Gholam A Peyman
Clinical signs may include upper eyelid edema, marked conjunctival hyperemia and intense chemosis, purulent discharge, corneal edema, endothelial precipitates, hypopyon with anterior chamber inflammation (Fig. 52.1), and vitreous haze. The red reflex may be yellowish or absent. In severe cases, proptosis, periorbital swelling, low-grade fever, and leukocytosis may be present.
Medical Therapy for Glaucoma
Published in Neil T. Choplin, Carlo E. Traverso, Atlas of Glaucoma, 2014
Jennifer E. Williamson, Janet B. Serle
Systemic side effects include headaches, elevated blood pressure, tachyarrythmias, and strokes. Ocular side effects include conjunctival hyperemia, adrenochrome deposits, and, commonly, allergic blepharoconjunctivitis (Figure 14.13). Intraocular side effects include pupillary dilatation, corneal endothelial effects, reduction in ocular blood flow due to vasospasm, rebound hyperemia, and, in aphakic and some pseudophakic patients, cystoid macular edema (Figure 14.13c).
Incapacitating Agents and Technologies: A Review *
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Several repeated exposure studies by various routes of exposure have been conducted. By gavage, rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs received 10% of the species LD50 for 5 successive days; there were no mortalities, no clinical signs, no significant effects on feces, and no gross or microscopic pathology; hematology and clinical chemistry conducted in rabbits were not affected (Ballantyne, 1977b). Rabbits had daily ocular contact with 0.05% Agent CR for 10 successive days and a 5 month follow up. Just detectable transient conjunctival hyperemia occurred during the treatment period, but no effects 5 months post treatment were observed (Ballantyne et al., 1975). Repeated exposure of the rabbit eye to 5% Agent CR for 5 days week−1 for 4 weeks resulted in transient conjunctivitis, but no abnormalities were found on slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Light and electron microscopy of the cornea at 32 days after the final application did not show any injury (Rengstorff et al., 1975). Subchronic (12 weeks) repeated cutaneous contact of mice with Agent CR followed by an 80 week observation period showed a high incidence of fatty infiltration of the liver but without other microscopic pathology (Marrs et al., 1982). In a subchronic inhalation exposure study, hamsters and mice were exposed to an Agent CR aerosol (mass median aerodynamic diameter [MMAD] 2.86 ± 1.17 mm) at concentrations of 204 (5 min), 236 (8.6 min), and 267 (15.8 min) mg m−3 for 5 days week−1 for 18 weeks, and survivors were sacrificed 1 year after the first exposure (Marrs et al., 1983c). The only exposure-related pathology was an increased incidence of chronic laryngeal inflammation.
Ocular Surface Disease in Glaucoma Patients
Published in Current Eye Research, 2023
Christina Scelfo, Reem H. ElSheikh, Muhammad M. Shamim, Javaneh Abbasian, Alireza Ghaffarieh, Abdelrahman M. Elhusseiny
There are also two prostaglandin analogue-timolol PF formulations – PF bimatoprost 0.03%-timolol 0.5% and PF tafluprost 0.0015%-timolol 0.5%, but these are mainly available in Europe. Bourne et al.57 compared these two drugs in an open label phase IV study conducted in centers across Europe. Study patients were initially on either BAK-preserved (76 patients) or PF bimatoprost-timolol (45 patients) and then switched at initial visit to PF tafluprost-timolol and followed for 12 weeks. All patients had at least moderate conjunctival hyperemia at initial visit. At week 12, hyperemia improved from 100% in each group to 66.2% in the patients previously taking BAK-preserved bimatoprost-timolol and 72.1% in patients previously taking PF bimatoprost-timolol which was found to be statistically significant albeit still high (p < 0.001). Similar results were found in the VISIONARY Study58 which looked at 87 patients at centers throughout Russia - conjunctival hyperemia was significantly improved at all visits over the course of 6 months (p < 0.0001) as well as reduction in irritation and itching (p < 0.001). Satisfaction rate at the end of 6 months was 85.7%.
Pembrolizumab-induced Stevens–Johnson Syndrome with Severe Ocular Complications
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Soyoung Ryu, Ikhyun Jun, Tae-Im Kim, Kyoung Yul Seo, Eung Kweon Kim
Before visiting the emergency room, the patient visited a private clinic because of ocular discomfort and was advised to take 0.3% tobramycin and 0.01% fluorometholone eyedrops. However, blurring of vision and ocular discomfort worsened; hence, he visited the emergency room of our institution 2 weeks after pembrolizumab treatment initiation. When the patient visited the emergency room, his corrected visual acuity was finger count 50 cm OU. Conjunctival hyperemia with pseudo-membrane as well as corneal epithelial defect was observed in each eye (Figure 1A-D). The epithelial defects were 5 mm x 7.5 mm and 7 mm x 5.5 mm in the right and left eye, respectively. Mild eyelid margin ulceration and some skin lesions on eyelid were noted in the both eyes. Other parts of the anterior segment and retina remained within normal limits. Additionally, more extensive erythematous patches were observed on the four extremities, abdomen, and back compared to skin lesions on the fourth day after pembrolizumab treatment (Figure 1E, F).
Brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.025% for redness relief: an overview of safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Studies have proven the efficacy of topical decongestants in relieving conjunctival hyperemia, but they are not appropriate for redness caused by specific etiologies. Currently available decongestants target adrenergic receptors, but these receptors are involved in regulation of the tone of conjunctival vessels in both physiological and pathological conditions. This means that targeting adrenergic receptors may effectively reduce ocular redness, but risks masking signs associated with pathogenic mechanisms and progress of the disease. Therefore, topical decongestants are advised in only cases of ocular redness with no apparent underlying etiology. However, it is often difficult in clinical practice to clearly discern those with and without specific causes. Then, more idealistic approaches to dealing with redness may be identifying mechanisms of conjunctival vasodilation specific to relatively benign conditions, such as dry eye disease or irritation from contact lens wear. For instance, recent advances in understanding of the mechanism of conjunctival hyperemia has led to identification of neurogenic inflammation and nerve-derived factors especially in redness caused by dry eye disease. This development has further enabled synthesis of more targeted ophthalmic drugs. Although there is much to be understood in terms of the action of conjunctival vessels, further identification of mechanisms associated with non-infectious, non-allergic hyperemia may enable targeted relief of ocular redness without masking critical signs. This may also help in diagnosis of ocular diseases.