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Cancer Research Is Leading the Way
Published in Rebecca A. Krimins, Learning from Disease in Pets, 2020
Importantly, resources exist to encourage and facilitate active collaboration between clinical veterinarians, biomedical researchers, and pharmaceutical companies. In 2003 the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Comparative Oncology Program (COP) was founded, which currently forms a network of 24 academic veterinary oncology centers in the United States and Canada (Table 4.1), providing infrastructure facilitating the design and execution of clinical trials of novel cancer therapeutics in canine patients. Trials conducted through the NCI-COP are designed to generate clinical and biologic data of immediate relevance to human Phase I/II clinical trial design (Gordon et al. 2009). To further support these translational efforts, in 2007 the NCI also established the Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium Pharmacodynamic Core (COTC PD); a multidisciplinary network of laboratories with capabilities in pathology, genomics, proteomics, pharmacokinetics, etc., to facilitate the timely analysis of study samples generated across trial sites in quality-controlled settings (Paoloni and Lana et al. 2010).
Evaluation of Curcumin Therapeutic Effects on Histological Subtypes of Canine Mammary Gland Tumours
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Ozge Turna, Aslihan Baykal, Elif Sozen Kucukkara, Asuman Deveci Ozkan, Gamze Guney Eskiler, Funda Yıldırım
In veterinary oncology, the search for more selective and less toxic compounds in the field of chemotherapeutic drugs is still very intense. Natural products have great attention in cancer studies due to low toxicity on normal cells. Curcumin is the most representative polyphenol component extracted from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa, has been used as a medical herb due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-microbial and anticancer properties. Because of these features, curcumin has been promising natural anticancer agent for the treatment of cancer (20–23). Curcumin exerts a potential anti-inflammatory effect on treating chronic conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease according to different preclinical and pharmacologic trials. Furthermore, many studies have focused on the anticancer activity of curcumin in different human cancer cell types. Additionally, the therapeutic effects of curcumin as well as Theracurmin which is a synthetically derived nano particle form of curcumin, on cancer patients has been evaluated through phase clinical trials (24–26). However, it is important to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of the effectiveness of curcumin for the use of modern healthcare and to identify the best formulation for improving lower bioavailability and rapid plasma clearance of curcumin.
Porcine cancer models: potential tools to enhance cancer drug trials
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Noah Robertson, Lawrence B. Schook, Kyle M. Schachtschneider
Canine cancer models are the basis of the NCI Comparative Oncology Program [7], where cancers that occur naturally in veterinary clinical patients are treated and studied as a clinical trial with the goal to translate and compare treatment responses to humans to aid in clinical trial success [8]. Since these cases are naturally occurring models, the clinical value is critically high sine the dog is receiving treatment can then help other similar dogs and human patients. Furthermore, patients may have additional attributes for a particular cancer that is difficult to replicate in the laboratory such as comorbidities, metastasis, and epigenetics [62]. The Comparative Oncology Program has proven invaluable due to its ability to determine specific treatment regimens for both client-owned dogs and human patients. The Comparative Oncology Program has 22 veterinary oncology clinics; however, since canine tumors develop spontaneously as observed in humans, the same limitations related to lengthy accrual times apply to canine clinical trials [63]. In addition, ethical considerations and the inability to experimentally induce tumors in dogs limits the benefits of canine tumor models.
Emerging tyrosine kinase inhibitors for head and neck cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2022
Zhen Long, Jennifer R. Grandis, Daniel E. Johnson
Despite the strong rationale for inhibition of tyrosine kinases in cancer therapy, and considerable preclinical data demonstrating TKI inhibition of HNSCC tumor growth, results from clinical studies have, largely, been disappointing. No TKIs, including both single-target TKIs and multi-targeted TKIs, have been approved by the FDA for treatment of HNSCC. It is important to acknowledge limitations to current preclinical models. Findings using cell-line models are seldom good predictors of response in clinical trials and cell-line derived xenograft tumors have the same potential for having diverged substantially from the genetics/phenotype of the original primary tumor. The use of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, where tumor specimens from the patient are directly implanted into mice, are better avatars of the primary tumor and more preclinical studies should be focused on these models. However, PDX models are grown in immunodeficient mice, thereby lacking an important determinant of tumor growth and response to anti-cancer agents. Organoid models that incorporate immune components may provide an advantage in this regard. The availability of genetically engineered mouse models of HNSCC is very limited, and these models, unlike human HNSCC, are genetically homogenous and live in carefully controlled environments. Models of spontaneously arising HNSCC may prove more representative of human HNSCC, but such models are rare. However, one such model is found in household cats, where oral squamous cell carcinoma (ie. HNSCC) occurs frequently and closely mimics the genetics and histology of human HNSCC [115–127]. Feline HNSCC is highly lethal, with no effective therapy. We recommend that clinical trials involving pet cats with HNSCC be done in collaboration with academic centers with veterinary oncology and clinical trials expertise with companion animals.