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Cancer Drugs and Treatment Formulations for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Reetika Arora, Pawan K. Maurya
Vaginal cancer is of two types: (1) squamous cell carcinoma and (2) adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell vaginal cancer grows slowly and generally stays close to the vaginal area, although it can also move to the lungs, liver and bones. The most frequent kind of vaginal cancer is this one, whereas adenocarcinoma is a kind of cancer that starts in glandular cells. Glandular cells in the vaginal lining produce and discharge fluids like mucus. Adenocarcinoma is more likely to spread to the lungs and lymph nodes. Older age and having HPV infection are the risk factors of developing vaginal cancer.
Neoplasia in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Several histologic types of vaginal cancer, although rare, tend to occur more commonly than squamous cell carcinoma in women of reproductive age. Adenocarcinoma, usually of the clear cell variety, may develop after in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. The link between diethylstilbestrol exposure and clear cell adenocarcinoma of the lower genital tract, including the cervix, was well established by 1971, after which the use of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy was discontinued. The risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix is actually less than 1 in 1000 for those exposed to the transplacental carcinogen diethylstilbestrol. Approximately one-third of diethylstilbestrol-exposed patients develop adenosis, which may be a precursor to clear cell carcinoma. Such diethylstilbestrol-linked malignancies rarely occur before 14 years of age or after 30 years of age. Thus, frequent cervical and vaginal cytology with careful colposcopic evaluation for abnormal findings are indicated beginning at menarche. Most clear cell adenocarcinomas are diagnosed early (stage I) and thus have a good prognosis with an 80% 5-year survival. In pregnancy, treatment is largely unaltered, as surgery is performed without fetal regard, unless in the final trimester, in which case delay until after delivery may be contemplated.
Cancer
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Common symptoms of vaginal cancer include bleeding after sex or between periodsvaginal dischargepain during sexlump in the vaginapersistent vaginal itch
Use of Vaginal Reconstructive Surgery in Cervical Cancer Patients to Prevent Vaginal Stump Contracture
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Zhi Wang, Ang Zeng, Fei Long, Ming Wu, Xian-Jia Tan, Zi-Wen Liu, Xiao-Jun Wang
The follow-up examinations for the patients after cervical cancer radical surgery and radiotherapy included gynecological examination and ultrasonography, neo-cypress liquid-based cytology, and human papillomavirus detection; of these, the gynecological examination was considered as most important and necessary. However, the vaginal stenosis seriously affected the performance of gynecological examination. In addition, the sampling and biopsy for the neo-cypress liquid-based cytology and human papillomavirus detection were originally subjected to the vaginal stump, which was replaced by ileum, and therefore the intestinal mucosal epithelium was examined instead. If the aforementioned screening tests indicated the recurrence of cervical cancer, or vaginal cancer induced by long-term human papillomavirus infection, or ileal cancer, the biopsy under the colposcopy could be used for diagnosis. Therefore, the correction of vaginal stump contracture would not interfere with the early discovery of cervical cancer recurrence, but rather facilitate the follow-up examinations.
Primary vaginal malignancies: a single oncology centre experience
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2019
Mariana Lima, Gisela Rio, Mariana Horta, Teresa Margarida Cunha
When analysing previous hysterectomies, we found a high number in both groups (56% for SCCs group and 80% in the adenocarcinomas group). However, in the adenocarcinomas group, all hysterectomies were performed because of benign pathology, while in the SCCs group there was an association with cervical dysplasia (73%). This association can be explained by the fact that risk factors for the development of vaginal cancer are similar to those of cervical cancer, including chronic HPV infection, multiple sexual partners, immunosuppression,and smoking (Grant et al. 2010). We highlight the role of HPV infection since it is strongly associated with the precursor of vaginal carcinoma and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. It has been proven that an increased incidence of vaginal carcinoma is observed in women with a previous diagnosis of cervical cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (López et al. 2005; Parikh et al. 2008; Grant et al. 2010; Walker et al. 2011). In fact, a previous study (Liu et al. 2013) points out that women over 60 years of age with a history of CIN lesions have an elevated risk of vaginal cancer and should be followed closely.
Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent vulval and vaginal cancer and their precursors
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Lan Xu, Amanda Selk, Suzanne M Garland, Fabrizio Bogliatto, Maria Kyrgiou, Steven Weyers, Marc Arbyn
Compared to vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer is a more rare cancer with an estimated 15,000 new cases annually worldwide, representing about 2% of all gynecological malignancies [1,7]. It is generally accepted that HPV-related vaginal cancers and cervical cancers share similar risk factors and HPV infection. Low-grade and high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) are classified as LSIL (VaIN1) and HSIL (VaIN2/3), respectively. Women with a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are at higher risk of developing VaIN and vaginal cancer and vice versa [18]. The average prevalence of HPV is about 70% [19] and 91% in vaginal cancer and in VaIN2/3, respectively [15]. HPV16 is the most common type found in vaginal cancer and precancer [19].