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Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Besides cigarette smoking, another type of tobacco addiction is smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco is tobacco that is not burned. Since antiquity, it has been used by Native Americans and Aboriginal peoples of Australia. Consumed either orally or nasally, by chewing, sucking, or sniffing, smokeless tobacco products deliver nicotine without combustion. There are many different forms of smokeless tobacco products consumed globally, but they can be roughly divided into two categories: snuff (finely ground or cut tobacco) and chewing tobacco (whole leaf, plug or twist tobacco) (115). Although all smokeless tobacco products are addictive due to the presence of nicotine, they do not involve combustion, carry no risks associated with smoke inhalation, and are generally accepted to be less hazardous than smoking (115). However, at least 28 chemicals in smokeless tobacco have been found to cause cancer (116). The most harmful chemicals in smokeless tobacco are tobacco-specific nitrosamines, which are formed during the growing, curing, fermenting, and aging of tobacco. The level of tobacco-specific nitrosamines varies by product. Scientists have found that the nitrosamine level is directly related to the risk of cancer (116). Chewing leaf tobacco can lead to nicotine addiction and can cause cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and pancreas. Chewing tobacco products may also cause gum disease, dental problem, pharyngitis, laryngitis, heart disease, stroke, and other health problems (116).
Tobacco and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Smokeless tobacco is consumed in a variety of forms with a range of additives. This lack of standardisation means that the health risks vary. Some of the most harmful compounds are the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines. These can be 100 times higher in toombak than in plain chewing tobacco. Many tobacco products are now being processed in a way to reduce the amount of these nitrosamines, but other harmful components remain such as cadmium, polonium, formaldehyde, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and arsenic (Arain et al., 2015; Mathews and Krishnan, 2019).
Tobacco and Health
Published in Rajmohan Panda, Manu Raj Mathur, Tobacco Cessation, 2019
Sandeep Mahapatra, Kumar Gaurav
When tobacco is burning, it releases nicotine in the form of a vapor. This vapor attaches to surfaces such as walls, floors, carpeting, drapes, and furniture. Nicotine reacts with nitrous acid (one source of which is burning tobacco) and forms cancer-causing tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Nicotine can last for months on indoor surfaces. This means that these TSNAs are always being created. TSNAs are then inhaled, absorbed, or ingested. Anyone who smokes in any enclosed space (like a car or home) is exposing nonsmokers to TSNAs.
Electronic cigarette aerosol increases the risk of organ dysfunction by enhancing oxidative stress and inflammation
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Kedar N. Prasad, Stephen C. Bondy
The aerosol released increased levels of 1, 2-propanediol, glycerin, nicotine, carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyls, and ultrafine metal particles in the surrounding indoor air (Wills et al. 2019, Visser et al., 2019). This suggests that potential hazard of exposure to secondhand e-cigarette aerosol exists albeit at lower concentrations than regular tobacco smokers (Gallart-Mateu et al. 2016). The serum levels of cotinine (a biomarker of nicotine levels) were lower in subjects passively exposed to aerosol of e-cigarettes than in those who were exposed to smoke of tobacco cigarettes (Bakand et al. 2012). The transition from regular cigarettes to e-cigarettes in the home has been reported to improve indoor air quality (Oh and Kacker 2014). Nevertheless, tobacco-specific nitrosamines have been detected in the urine samples of people exposed to secondhand aerosol from a smoker of e-cigarettes.
Study on the daily Ad Libitum smoking habits of active Korean smokers and their effect on urinary smoking exposure and impact biomarkers
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Jiyeon Yang, Shervin Hashemi, Wonseok Han, Chaelin Lee, Yoojin Song, Youngwook Lim
Another limitation of this study concerned the analysis of the urine NNAL. The disadvantage of this biomarker is that its level is significantly lower than that of the urinary cotinine, which makes it technically challenging. In this study, the urinary NNAL of 34% of the smokers was below the PQL, and therefore, was considered not detected (Schick et al.2017). During 2015–2016, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of the Republic of Korea gathered 400 packs of five cigarette products from 20 tobacco stores in seven regions across the country at different time and season intervals, and investigated the amount of 45 ingredients per cigarette, including tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), in that their exposure can result in the appearance of the biomarker NNAL by using methods recommended by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) and Health Canada (HC) (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety 2017). According to the results, the amount of N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) per cigarette were not quantitative. This fact may also explain the relatively lower level of measured urinary NNAL in our samples compared to other studies (Counts et al.2004, Benowitz et al.2018). Accordingly, uncertain variables, such as quality of tobacco, harvesting condition and time, or processing of the leaves, can affect the composition of cigarettes, which could not be controlled in our study (Counts et al.2004, Morgan et al.2017).
Effects of smokeless tobacco on cell viability, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokines in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Junwei Zhao, Liangjun Qiao, Pingping Shang, Chenfeng Hua, Yuming Xie, Xiang Li, Meizhou Ding, Kejian Liu, Junwei Guo, Ge Zhao, Sheng Wang, Huimin Liu, Fuwei Xie
Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol containing more than 6000 constitutions, which is epidemiologically related to the development of cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, Rodgman and Perfetti 2013). Although some consumers use smokeless tobacco products as an alternative to smoking cigarettes, there is a lot of evidence to support carcinogenicity of smokeless tobacco products (Monika et al. 2020). There are many harmful compounds in smokeless tobacco, such as TSNAs, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons (PAHs), etc. (Digard et al. 2013). An increasing number of studies indicate that smokeless tobacco products have a definitive toxicity in vivo or in vitro (Coggins et al. 2012). Used nasally or orally, smokeless tobacco could deliver a certain amount of nicotine, so as to consider it as a cause of oral cancer (Al-Hebshi et al. 2017). The presence of Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines (TNSAs) are in smokeless tobacco and are carcinogenic to animals and humans (IARC 2007).