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Cancer (Breast)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Most breast cancer forms in the epithelial cells lining the lobules or ducts of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in the U.S. Typical symptoms may include a lump in the breast, a change in size or shape of the breast, and/or a discharge from a nipple. Mammograms combined with biopsies can often diagnose the cancer. The strongest risk factor for breast cancer is age because most breast cancers occur in women over 50 years of age.1 Family, personal history of breast cancer, and gynecologic histories are significant contributors to the risk of developing metastatic breast cancer, as is breast density (the more dense the breast tissue, the higher the risk of breast cancer), alcohol intake, hormone therapy history, and diet, which may contribute to development or growth of breast cancers.2
Cancer
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Alcohol increases cancer risk through several mechanisms (IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, 2012; World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, 2018). Alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde, which is carcinogenic in humans. In addition, alcohol metabolism increases oxidative stress, and alcohol can increase circulating levels of estrogen, an established risk factor for breast cancer. Further risk can come from alcohol’s ability to serve as a solvent, facilitating carcinogen penetration into cells, which is considered a primary explanation for the synergistic increase in risk of mouth and throat cancers for people exposed to both alcohol and tobacco.
Role of 99mTc Sestamibi Scintimammography for the Evaluation of Breast
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Iraj Khalkhali, Jorge Tolmos, Linda Diggles
Epidemiological studies have established risk factors for breast cancer such as genetic predisposition including BRCA1, BRCA2, and Li Fraumeni syndrome; family history of breast cancer; secondary breast radiation as a result of treatment of other malignancies [77]; use of hormonal contraceptives [78]; prior histological evidence of atypia; and prior history of lumpectomy and radiotherapy [79].
Culturally safe, appropriate, and high-quality breast cancer screening for transgender people: A scoping review
Published in International Journal of Transgender Health, 2023
Imogen Ramsey, Kate Kennedy, Greg Sharplin, Marion Eckert, Micah D. J. Peters
Many tumors are known to be sex-hormone dependent; but it is debated whether their risk is different among transgender individuals undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) (McFarlane et al., 2018). Prolonged exposure to estrogen and/or progesterone is a well-known risk factor for breast cancer in cisgender women (Chlebowski et al., 2015; Sutherland et al., 2020). Thus, in theory, transgender women may be at increased risk for breast cancer compared with cisgender men due to a potentially longer span of estrogen/progesterone exposure at higher doses (Sutherland et al., 2020). However, it remains unclear if and how evidence of an association between GAHT and breast cancer risk should inform screening recommendations. Research in this area is further complicated by the variability in treatment plans for transgender individuals, including the type, dose, and duration of hormone use (Brown & Jones, 2015). In their 2018 systematic review, Meggetto and colleagues found limited evidence of very low certainty showing no significant effects of GAHT on breast cancer risk in transgender men or transgender women, and a lack of evidence on the benefits or harms of breast screening (Meggetto et al., 2019).
Is There a Relationship between Diet and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women?
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Nadia Raci Marques Pereira, Maria Fernanda Naufel, Sergio Tufik, Helena Hachul
Finally, we would like to highlight the importance of the study conducted by Hosseini et al.1 which demonstrated that a healthy diet can be a protective factor against breast cancer. Although the analysis of food intake is complex, it would be of great value in future studies to prospectively assess whether there is an association between lipid-rich foods and breast cancer, and to confirm or not the relationship between diet quality and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. In addition, it would be of interest to develop a study involving only postmenopausal women, in which the duration of hormone therapy and alcohol consumption, among other risk factors for breast cancer, should be analyzed, since that these factors might have been masked in 1 by placing pre- and postmenopausal women in the same group.
Cancer in the Faroe Islands from 1960-2019 – incidence, mortality, and comparisons with the other Nordic countries
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Marnar F. Kristiansen, Ronja M. Mikkelsen, Tordis Kristiansdóttir, Páll Rasmussen, Guðrið Andórsdóttir, Sæunn Ó. Hansen, Kári R. Nielsen, Bjarni á Steig, Marin Strøm, Maria Skaalum Petersen
There were also cancers that had a lower incidence in the Faroe Islands compared to the Nordic rates. This could be because of protective factors, either genetic or otherwise. However, this should be interpreted carefully, as the lower incidence could also be explained by a persistent underreporting of these cancers. We observed that breast cancer was less common in the Faroe Islands than in the Nordic countries. It is worth mentioning that breast cancer screening did not start before 2017 in the Faroe Islands, and since we compare the years 2010–2019, the screening will only marginally affect the rates here. There are several other potential explanations for the lower incidence in the Faroes. Some of the known risk factors for breast cancer are increasing age, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, reproductive factors such as the age at menarche and menopause, use of contraceptives, number of pregnancies, and maternal age at giving birth [36,37]. Faroese women have a low maternal age at first birth and the highest fertility rate in the Nordic countries [8]. Ongoing unpublished work has indicated that Faroese women have fewer mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes than in most other countries. These are all factors that could lower the breast cancer incidence in the Faroes. The lower incidence could also be explained by persistent underreporting, but since the mortality rates are similar to those in the Nordic countries, underreporting alone seems unlikely to explain the difference.