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Order Sepolyvirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Mouse pneumotropic virus (MPtV), previously called Kilham polyomavirus, the second identified murine polyomavirus that was isolated by Kilham and Murphy (1953), belongs to the Mus musculus polyomavirus 2 species. The MPtV VLPs were studied by Tina Dalianis’s team. Thus, Tegerstedt et al. (2003) obtained the MPtV VP1 VLPs by the baculovirus-driven expression and demonstrated that the MPtV VLPs could potentially complement the MPyV VP1 VLPs as vectors for prime-boost gene therapy. The MPtV VLPs bound to different cells, independent of MHC class I antigen expression, and sialic acid receptors and did not cause hemagglutination of red blood cells. Moreover, the MPtV VLPs were shown to transduce foreign DNA in vitro and in vivo (Tegerstedt et al. 2003). The usefulness of the MPtV VLPs for gene therapy, immune therapy and as vaccines, in the prime-boost combination with the MPyV VLPs, was summarized by Tegerstedt et al. (2005a).
Cancer-Causing Viruses
Published in Satya Prakash Gupta, Cancer-Causing Viruses and Their Inhibitors, 2014
Satya P. Gupta, Vertika Gautam
The Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) was the first human cancer that was found to harbor an integrated polyomavirus genome. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is highly divergent from the other human polyomaviruses and is most closely related to murine polyomavirus. After it was cloned, several studies suggested a casual role of this virus in MCC.
Analysis of human papillomaviruses and human polyomaviruses in lung cancer from Swedish never-smokers
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2020
Torbjörn Ramqvist, Christian Ortiz-Villalon, Eva Brandén, Hirsh Koyi, Luigi de Petris, Gunnar Wagenius, Ola Brodin, Christel Reuterswärd, Tina Dalianis, Mats Jönsson, Johan Staaf, Rolf Lewensohn, Maria Planck
The polyomavirus (PyV) family, currently with 14 species described from human material, has at least one member, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) with the potential to induce tumors in humans [23]. Moreover, some animal PyVs can potentially be oncogenic in their respective hosts, e.g., murine polyomavirus (MPyV) and Raccoon polyomavirus (RacPyV) that can cause tumors in mice and raccoons, respectively [24,25]. MCPyV, discovered in 2008, is a causative factor of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), mostly in immunosuppressed or elderly patients [23]. Most HPyVs were discovered during the last 12 years, and although most of them are common in the human population, their potential disease association is still being evaluated. Notably, non-tumor diseases related to HPyVs, e.g., Trichodysplasia spinulosa caused by TSPyV or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by JCPyV is mainly found in immunodeficient or immunosuppressed transplant patients [26,27]. It has therefore been suggested that also other HPyVs could potentially be oncogenic in immunosuppressed patients [27]. There are some studies investigating especially MCPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV and JCPyV as causative factors in lung cancer [15–19,28,29], but there are few studies where a larger number of HPyVs have been analyzed specifically for their potential association to lung cancer among never-smokers.
A pipeline for identification and validation of tumor-specific antigens in a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Christa I. DeVette, Harika Gundlapalli, Shu-Chin Alicia Lai, Curtis P. McMurtrey, Ashley R. Hoover, Hem R. Gurung, Wei R. Chen, Alana L. Welm, William H. Hildebrand
The Polyomavirus Middle T Antigen (PyMT or MT) drives tumor initiation and metastasis in the MMTV-PyMT tumor model.8 Deriving from the murine Polyomavirus, the MT antigen is essential to tumor development during Polyomavirus infection. In this infectious setting, antigen-specific T cells that recognize the MT antigen promoted tumor resistance in vivo, identifying PyMT as an important immunogenic target that can activate T cells.17 Antigen-specific T cell recognition of MMTV-PyMT tumors, more specifically the PyMT oncogene, has not been reported. This has, in large part, been due to poor characterization of the MHC H-2q haplotype, limiting the ability to study antigen-specific responses in the FVB/NJ strain on which the MMTV-PyMT mouse was developed and maintained. We recently characterized the FVB MHC class I molecules and generated a tool for predicting class I MHC epitopes.13 Here, we used this tool (NetH2pan) to predict PyMT peptides presented by the FVB class I MHC (H-2Dq), and proceeded to validate these epitopes with complementary approaches in vitro and in vivo. Table 1 shows the top 25 predicted H-2Dq PyMT epitopes sorted by % rank (a surrogate reading for binding affinity). As expected, these peptides contain a proline (P2) and a hydrophobic or aromatic anchor (P9) consistent with the H-2Dq motif.
Virus-like particle vaccines: immunology and formulation for clinical translation
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Braeden Donaldson, Zabeen Lateef, Greg F. Walker, Sarah L. Young, Vernon K. Ward
The majority of commercial VLP vaccines are distributed as a liquid suspension, requiring a cold chain maintaining 4–8°C throughout distribution and storage. Even under stable cold chain conditions, the longevity of VLP can be limited. This can be prolonged by storage at temperatures at or below −20°C, stabilized with the addition of a cryopreservative such as glycerol or trehalose [146]; however, this only further exacerbates the issue of delivering these vaccines intact where they are needed, such as in developing countries without reliable cold-chain delivery infrastructure. Alternative storage methods such as freeze-drying, or lyophilization, can have variable effects on the stability of VLP. Mechanical damage induced by ice crystallization, or exposure to varying salt concentrations and pH changes during the freezing process may adversely affect the integrity of VLP [147]. Exposure to these factors can be limited through the addition of specific cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants. For example, red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) VLP [148] reportedly retain stable particles and remain immunogenic when freeze-dried in the presence of sorbitol, but were adversely affected in the presence of mannitol. Qβ VLP [147], Murine polyomavirus (MuPyV) VLP [149,150], and HBV VLP [151] have likewise demonstrated some capacity to survive varying freeze-drying methodologies.