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Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Breast cancer is the type of cancer originating from the cell lining of the milk-forming ducts of the breast (ductal carcinoma) or from lobules in the glandular tissue of the breast (lobular carcinoma). Breast cancer has several subtypes based on the expression level of the receptors such as progesterone, estrogen and HER-2/neu (human epidermal growth factor receptor), and are classified into three groups [14]: Hormone receptor (estrogen and progesterone) sensitive (ER+ or PR+).Human epidermal growth factor–sensitive (HER2+).Triple-negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−).The main factors that influence the risk for breast cancer in women include old age, genetic mutations, reproductive history, personal history of breast/ovarian cancer or any non-cancerous breast diseases, previous treatment involving radiation therapy and other lifestyle factors (diet, weight, alcohol consumption). Thus, regular screening mammography at the age of 40 and above might reduce the risk of breast cancer mortality in average-risk women.
Pathology of Breast Cancer
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
The next most common breast carcinoma is infiltrating lobular carcinoma which characteristically presents with a deceptively bland morphology. Infiltrating lobular carcinoma is the most common cause of false-negative diagnosis in breast FNAB [101]. In core biopsy, the typical infiltrative pattern of lobular carcinoma helps to suggest the correct diagnosis (Fig. 23a, b).
Breast cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Sarah J Vinnicombe, Alexandra Athanasiou
Most breast cancers arise in the terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) (23). Malignancy initially develops in situ, becoming invasive once the basement membrane is breached. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is regarded as a non-obligate precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma, but it is very heterogeneous with variable malignant potential. The frequency with which it progresses to invasive disease depends on histological (cytonuclear) grade and disease extent. By contrast, lobular intraepithelial neoplasia (including classical lobular carcinoma in situ, LCIS) is now regarded as a generalized marker of risk.
Increasing importance of breast cancer in Nepal
Published in Hospital Practice, 2022
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Ajnish Ghimire, Jibran Sualeh Muhammad, Naveed Ahmed Khan
A study done at the department of Radiotherapy and Oncology in Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, and BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur states that of 114 patients, the most common type of breast cancer was invasive ductal carcinoma occurring in 89% of all patients, whereas 3.5% of patients had lobular carcinoma [38]. Similarly, another study conducted in Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center revealed the high incidence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2 +) tumor among 40% of total patients [39]. It was found that there is a significant association between Estrogen Receptor negative/Progesterone Receptor negative (ER-/PR-) status within the younger age group women compared to India and Saudi Arabia [40,41]. A study conducted in Nepal’s renowned medical campus, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, found that the most common histology in breast cancer cases was found to be invasive ductal carcinoma (93.5%) [42]. Similarly, another study looked at various factors such as ethinicity, diet and reproductive habits as well as family history and examined various factors that may reduce the risk of breast cancer in BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur [43]. Another study conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching hospital, a tertiary hospital-based in Kathmandu, found that greater number of diagnostic mammograms were being conducted rather than screening mammograms which revealed the lack of breast cancer awareness in the Nepalese population [44].
Hilus cell heterotopia of fallopian tube: a rare and incidental finding with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion of cervix
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2020
Yu-Hsuan Hu, Chen-Tang Yu, Mei-Chin Wen
Another important issue is how to make a correct diagnosis of hilus cell heterotopia. The differential diagnosis needs to include ectopic adrenal rests, because their morphology can overlap with those of the hilus cells, and the incidence rate is more common than hilus cell heterotopia. Ectopic adrenal rest grows with an organised architecture, consisting of mature adrenal cortical tissue without medulla, and CD99 is expressed (Zhang et al. 2003). Also, the possibility of metastatic carcinoma needs to be excluded, especially when patient has a history of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast (Hirschowitz et al. 2011). Metastatic invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast usually shows a pattern of parallel single files of relatively monotonous small round cells, and the IHC stains show positivity for cytokeratin. So, using IHC stains to exclude other diagnoses is necessary for confirming the diagnosis of hilus cell heterotopia.
Terminal digit preference: a source of measurement error in breast cancer diameter reporting
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2020
Kaitlyn M. Tsuruda, Solveig Hofvind, Lars A. Akslen, Solveig R. Hoff, Marit B. Veierød
When considering histologic subtype, our study indicated that mammography underestimates histopathologic tumor diameter for lobular carcinomas, but results from two single-centre studies indicate the opposite [10,26]. This discrepancy may be due to sampling variability, as these two studies evaluated 99 [10] and 18 [26] cases of lobular carcinoma and diffuse tumors can be difficult to measure. Our findings corroborate those from a multicentre cohort study that analyzed 474 cases of lobular carcinoma, but do not corroborate their finding that mammography underestimates histopathologic tumor diameter for invasive carcinomas NST [25]. Both our study and that of Stein et al. [25] used retrospective data and had similar inclusion criteria, but the difference between mammographic and histopathologic tumor diameter was roughly 1.5 mm larger across all subgroups in our study, which would have been enough to change the direction of the association observed for the sub-analysis of invasive carcinomas NST. Because the study samples were similar, we believe that differences in measurement practices between countries can explain this discrepancy.