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Tumors of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
A glial tumor derived from ependymal cells, usually arising from the ventricular surface or spinal cord. Ependymomas are relatively uncommon, accounting for approximately 1.9% of all primary CNS tumors (6% of gliomas) in adults, 5.9% of all primary CNS tumors (9% of gliomas) in children, and 25% of primary spinal tumors.
Anatomical and Biological Imaging of Pediatric Brain Tumor
Published in David A. Walker, Giorgio Perilongo, Roger E. Taylor, Ian F. Pollack, Brain and Spinal Tumors of Childhood, 2020
Rob A. Dineen, Shivaram Avula, Andrew C. Peet, Giovanni Morana, Monika Warmuth-Metz
Various diffuse glial tumor entities encountered in children, previously described by location and histological similarities to adult glial tumors, have now been assigned the separate category of diffuse midline gliomas in the 2016 WHO CNS tumor classification.130 This includes thalamic gliomas (Figure 5.19), DIPGs (Figure 5.20), and other diffuse glial tumors of the brainstem, spinal cord, and occasionally other midline sites such as the pineal region, hypothalamus, and cerebellar vermis.150 The basis for this unification is the recognition that these tumors frequently show K27M mutations in the histone H3F3A or related gene. This mutation appears to be responsible for the very poor prognosis seen in this group of tumors.151 Two recent series have found K27M mutations in around 73% of diffuse midline gliomas.151,152 Imaging appearances of the diffuse midline gliomas can be highly variable, ranging from solid non-enhancing expansile masses with large areas of surrounding infiltrative growth to necrotic peripherally enhancing tumors with significant mass effect but little surrounding T2/FLAIR hyperintensity.152 Preliminary reports suggest that imaging is not able to differentiate diffuse midline gliomas with and without the K27M mutation.
An Immunohistological Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Childhood Brain Tumors
Published in John T. Kemshead, Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
Hugh B. Coakham, Stephen P. Bourne
The commonest type of glial tumor in children is the well differentiated astrocytoma which occurs most commonly in the cerebellum but also in the cerebral hemispheres’ diencephalon and optic chiasm. These tumors all express the pan-neuroectodermal UJ13A antigen (Figure 2) and contain large amounts of GFAP as detected by monoclonal antibody FD19 which was originally raised by immunizing with a cerebellar astrocytoma from a 6 year-old female. We have not yet found any reactivity in this group with the neuroblastoma cell markers UJ181.4, UJ127.11, M340, or M148. Neither is there expression of any other type of intermediate-filament protein such as neurofilament, cytokeratin, or vimentin. The tumor cells do not stain with the leukocyte marker 2D1 and 2D1 positive infiltrates are rare.
Role of intra-operative squash cytology in rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle: a case report
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Rakesh Kumar Gupta, Priyanka Uttam, Ravindra Kumar Saran, Hukum Singh
Squash smears were prepared from the intra-operative tissue and stained with haematoxylin & eosin (HE) and toluidine blue. The smear showed two distinct but intermixed cell populations comprising of neuronal rosettes and typical low grade glial tumor mimicking pilocytic astrocytoma (PA). The rosettes showed monolayered/bilayered sheets of neuronal cells displaying granular chromatin, inconspicuous nucleolei and scant amount of cytoplasm with abundant eosinophilic neuropil like material in the centre. Other component showed scattered astrocytes, eosinophilic granular bodies (EGB) and thin capillary channels. No mitoses or necrosis were noted. A cytological diagnosis of benign biphasic glioneuronal tumor likely rosette forming glioneuronal tumor of fourth ventricle was made (Figure 2).
A rare case of cervical metastatis of glioblastoma after cranial tumor resection: case report and review of literature
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2021
Okan Turk, Nuriye Guzin Ozdemir, Ibrahim Burak Atci, Hakan Yilmaz, Feray Gunver, Veysel Antar, Adem Yilmaz
A 31-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with complaints of headache and seizures, after which she was diagnosed as having a left frontal low grade tumor on her magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Figure 1). She was operated and pathology report was reported as low grade glial tumor. Four years later she was found to be right hemiparetic (grade 3/5) after admission with a complaint of headache. Evaluation of her preoperative MRI showed that anterior region of the tumor was cystic necrotic, and posterior part was solid (Figures 2 and 3). She was reoperated and the pathology report was high grade glial tumor, glioblastoma. Immunohistochemical analysis relieved that Ki-67 proliferation index of the cystic areas was 15%, whereas of the solid part was 80%. The patient was treated using three-dimensional radiotherapy (6,000 cGy, 200 cGy, 30 fraction) combined with temozolomide.
Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Glioma Risk: A Systematic Literature Review
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2020
Cléciton Braga Tavares, Francisca das Chagas Sheyla Almeida Gomes-Braga, Emerson Brandao Sousa, José Nazareno Pearce de Oliveira Brito, Mariella de Almeida Melo, Viriato Campelo, Fidelis Manes Neto, Ricardo Marques Lopes de Araújo, Iruena Moraes Kessler, Leonardo de Moura Sousa Júnior, Luís Carlos Carvalho Filho, Yousef Qathaf Aguiar, Pedro Vitor Lopes Costa, Benedito Borges da Silva
The gene XRCC1 is considered one of the most promising candidates that may influence the pathogenesis of glial cell tumors. It is located on chromosome 19q13.2-13.2, comprises 33 kb and 17 exons, and coordinates several protein interactions, such as those between DNA ligase III, DNA polymerase, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase, which together play an important role in DNA repair (7,11,14,15). Numerous studies have shown a positive correlation between XRCC1 SNPs and the risk of glial neoplasm development; the most commonly identified SNPs are Arg194Trp (rs1799782), in which nucleotide C is changed to T in exon 6; Arg399Gln (rs25487), with G changed to A in exon 9; and Arg280His (rs25489), with G changed to A in exon 10. However, some controversial results remain, such as those reported by Gao et al. that showed no influence by Arg194Trp on glioma risk; those by Li et al., Fanet al., and Rodriguez-Hernandes et al. that found no significant correlation between Arg399Gln and glial tumor susceptibility; and those by Xu Gaofeng et al. that demonstrated no association between Ar280His and glial tumors (7,11,14,15).